Allium cepa L. is the most cultivated species of the Allium genus and one of the largest crops worldwide. Among viruses, the Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYVD) species (genus Potyvirus) represents the most limiting biotic stress for the crop. One of the most effective tools for controlling viral diseases is detecting virus resistant or tolerant varieties for the genetic improvement of host plant. Thus, 25 Italian varieties/ecotypes, and a cultivar reported to be resistant to OYDV, namely ‘Texas early Grano 502’, were characterized by evaluating their response to potyvirus for intensity of symptoms, morphological traits and bulb water losses during storage. ‘Rossa di Tropea’ and ‘Texas early Grano 502’ were the most tolerant cultivars to OYDV, while ‘Acquaviva 7’ appeared the most susceptible, followed by ‘Pera sanguigna di Peschici’. The effects of virus infection led to a water accumulation increase in the bulb tissue with consequent significant water losses during storage. A genetic characterization of 15 tested onion varieties/ecotypes was carried out by using 12 SSR markers, highlighting that the tolerant varieties ‘Texas early Grano 502’ and ‘Rossa di Tropea’ are significantly distant from those susceptible ‘Acquaviva 7’ and ‘Pera Sanguigna di Peschici’. Furthermore, the varieties selected as the most sensitive and tolerant to OYDV were tested for eIF4E and eIF4G gene expression, which are reported as genes involved in the replication of many potyviruses, and thus possible targets in the development of plant virus resistance. Although a significant difference in the expression between susceptible and/or tolerant plants and between healthy and infected plants was highlighted, compared to the literature it could be suggested that OYVD could utilize a different path for its replication processes. The RNASeq analysis carried out on healthy and OYDV infected samples allowed us to obtain interesting results on the virus infection effects by analysing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). This approach was able to hypothesize the role of genes belonging to the WRKY transcription factor (TF) family in A. cepa. Infected samples showed only a few DEGs related to dormancy during storage, that appeared related to the virus infection, unlike healthy samples, which exhibited a high number of DEGs. Furthermore, the transcriptomic profiles and the analysis of 7 the co-expression allowed us to identify a TF (AcWRKY32) that potentially drives the release of dormancy in onion bulbs. The study of protein-protein interactions, focused on the identification of plant factors involved in the movement of the potyvirus, was carried out by screening for melon proteins related to the ESCRT system and for the viral protein WMV 6K2 by SUY2H. Then, the in-planta interaction based on the Arabidopsis XX4 vs. TuMV 6K2 protein by BiFC analysis, led to confirm the involvement of the ESCRT AtXX4 protein in TuMV replication and movement processes. GFP analysis was useful to characterize the subcellular localization of AtXX4. Our results have broadened the knowledge on the infectious process implemented by OYDV within the plant and leading to the following conclusions. The traits of tolerance/susceptibility to OYDV recovered in the biodiversity of local varieties and ecotypes were highlighted. An explanation on how OYDV infections are the primary factor to create optimal conditions for secondary pathogens was furnished. The role of OYDV in breaking dormancy in the infected bulb was identified by differential expression of some TF belonging the WRKY gene family in onion. The foundations have been laid to understand the pathway for the translocation of OYDV along the plant, to determine whether the XX4 protein may also have a biological role in the onion-OYDV system.

Allium cepa L. è la specie più coltivata del genere Allium ed è una delle colture più diffuse al mondo. L’Italia ha una ricchezza di germoplasma di cipolla con oltre 80 varietà. Tra i virus, Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYVD) (genere Potyvirus) rappresenta lo stress biotico più importante della cipolla. Uno degli strumenti più efficaci per controllare le malattie virali è individuare cv resistenti o tolleranti da utilizzare nel miglioramento genetico delle piante. Pertanto, 25 cv/ecotipi italiani ed una cv Texas early grano 502 (resistente a OYDV), sono stati caratterizzati valutando la loro risposta a OYDV per intensità dei sintomi, caratteri morfologici e perdita d’acqua del bulbo durante lo stoccaggio. ‘Rossa di Tropea’ e ‘Texas early Grano 502’ sono risultate le più tolleranti, mentre ‘Acquaviva 7’ la più suscettibile, seguita dalla ‘Pera sanguigna di Peschici’. Gli effetti dell’infezione hanno portato ad un aumento dell’accumulo di acqua nei bulbi con conseguenti perdite d’acqua significative in conservazione. Su 15 delle cv/ecotipi in esame è stata effettuata una caratterizzazione genetica mediante 12 marcatori SSR, evidenziando che le cv tolleranti ‘Texas early Grano 502’ e ‘Rossa di Tropea’ sono filogeneticamente distanti dalle suscettibili ‘Acquaviva 7’ e ‘Pera Sanguigna di Peschici’. Inoltre, sulle cv più sensibili e sulle più tolleranti a OYDV, si è valutata l’espressione dei geni eIF4E ed eIF4G, che la letteratura riporta come geni coinvolti nei processi di replicazione di molti potyvirus e quindi possibili target da utilizzare nello sviluppo della resistenza ai virus delle piante. Sebbene si siano evidenziate differenze significative nell’espressione tra cv suscettibili e/o tolleranti e tra piante sane ed infette, si può ipotizzare che OYDV nel suo processo di replicazione adotti percorsi diversi rispetto a quelli di altri potyvirus. L’analisi RNASeq effettuata su campioni sani e infetti da OYDV ha consentito di ottenere risultati interessanti sugli effetti dell’infezione virale analizzando i geni 9 differenzialmente espressi (DEGs). Questo approccio ha evidenziato il potenziale ruolo dei geni appartenenti alla famiglia dei fattori di trascrizione (TF) WRKY in cipolla. I campioni infetti hanno mostrato pochi geni espressi in modo differenziale correlati alla dormienza durante lo stoccaggio a differenza dei campioni sani che hanno evidenziato un gran numero di DEGs. Inoltre, i profili trascrittomici e l’analisi della co-espressione hanno permesso di identificare nel WRKY-TF (AcWRKY32), un gene che potenzialmente guida il rilascio di dormienza nei bulbi di cipolla. Lo studio sulle interazioni proteina-proteina, incentrato sull’identificazione dei fattori vegetali coinvolti nel movimento dei potyvirus, è stato effettuato mediante screening di proteine del melone correlate al sistema ESCRT e per la proteina virale WMV 6K2 mediante SUY2H. Successivamente, l’interazione in-planta della proteina XX4 di Arabidopsis vs la TuMV 6K2 mediante analisi BiFC, ha permesso di confermare il coinvolgimento della proteina ESCRT AtXX4 nei processi di replicazione e movimento di TuMV. L’analisi GFP ha permesso di caratterizzare la localizzazione subcellulare di AtXX4. I nostri risultati hanno ampliato le conoscenze su OYDV in cipolla, consentendo le seguenti conclusioni. Sono stati evidenziati caratteri di resistenza/suscettibilità ad OYVD nella biodiversità delle varietà e degli ecotipi locali. È stata fornita una spiegazione su come le infezioni di OYDV siano il fattore principale per creare condizioni ottimali per i patogeni secondari. È stato dimostrato il ruolo di OYDV nell'interruzione della dormienza nel bulbo infetto grazie all’individuazione e caratterizzazione di alcuni TF della famiglia WRKY in cipolla. Infine, si sono poste le basi per comprendere il percorso di traslocazione di OYDV nella pianta, e per determinare se anche nel sistema cipolla-OYDV la proteina XX4 possa avere un ruolo biologico.

Characterization of Italian onion populations, analysis of plant responses to onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) infection and plant-potyvirus interactions / Micali, Giuseppe. - (2021 Apr 09).

Characterization of Italian onion populations, analysis of plant responses to onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) infection and plant-potyvirus interactions

MICALI, Giuseppe
2021-04-09

Abstract

Allium cepa L. is the most cultivated species of the Allium genus and one of the largest crops worldwide. Among viruses, the Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYVD) species (genus Potyvirus) represents the most limiting biotic stress for the crop. One of the most effective tools for controlling viral diseases is detecting virus resistant or tolerant varieties for the genetic improvement of host plant. Thus, 25 Italian varieties/ecotypes, and a cultivar reported to be resistant to OYDV, namely ‘Texas early Grano 502’, were characterized by evaluating their response to potyvirus for intensity of symptoms, morphological traits and bulb water losses during storage. ‘Rossa di Tropea’ and ‘Texas early Grano 502’ were the most tolerant cultivars to OYDV, while ‘Acquaviva 7’ appeared the most susceptible, followed by ‘Pera sanguigna di Peschici’. The effects of virus infection led to a water accumulation increase in the bulb tissue with consequent significant water losses during storage. A genetic characterization of 15 tested onion varieties/ecotypes was carried out by using 12 SSR markers, highlighting that the tolerant varieties ‘Texas early Grano 502’ and ‘Rossa di Tropea’ are significantly distant from those susceptible ‘Acquaviva 7’ and ‘Pera Sanguigna di Peschici’. Furthermore, the varieties selected as the most sensitive and tolerant to OYDV were tested for eIF4E and eIF4G gene expression, which are reported as genes involved in the replication of many potyviruses, and thus possible targets in the development of plant virus resistance. Although a significant difference in the expression between susceptible and/or tolerant plants and between healthy and infected plants was highlighted, compared to the literature it could be suggested that OYVD could utilize a different path for its replication processes. The RNASeq analysis carried out on healthy and OYDV infected samples allowed us to obtain interesting results on the virus infection effects by analysing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). This approach was able to hypothesize the role of genes belonging to the WRKY transcription factor (TF) family in A. cepa. Infected samples showed only a few DEGs related to dormancy during storage, that appeared related to the virus infection, unlike healthy samples, which exhibited a high number of DEGs. Furthermore, the transcriptomic profiles and the analysis of 7 the co-expression allowed us to identify a TF (AcWRKY32) that potentially drives the release of dormancy in onion bulbs. The study of protein-protein interactions, focused on the identification of plant factors involved in the movement of the potyvirus, was carried out by screening for melon proteins related to the ESCRT system and for the viral protein WMV 6K2 by SUY2H. Then, the in-planta interaction based on the Arabidopsis XX4 vs. TuMV 6K2 protein by BiFC analysis, led to confirm the involvement of the ESCRT AtXX4 protein in TuMV replication and movement processes. GFP analysis was useful to characterize the subcellular localization of AtXX4. Our results have broadened the knowledge on the infectious process implemented by OYDV within the plant and leading to the following conclusions. The traits of tolerance/susceptibility to OYDV recovered in the biodiversity of local varieties and ecotypes were highlighted. An explanation on how OYDV infections are the primary factor to create optimal conditions for secondary pathogens was furnished. The role of OYDV in breaking dormancy in the infected bulb was identified by differential expression of some TF belonging the WRKY gene family in onion. The foundations have been laid to understand the pathway for the translocation of OYDV along the plant, to determine whether the XX4 protein may also have a biological role in the onion-OYDV system.
9-apr-2021
Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE
Settore AGR/07 - GENETICA AGRARIA
SUNSERI, Francesco
POIANA, MARCO
Doctoral Thesis
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
Micali Giuseppe.pdf

accesso aperto

Tipologia: Tesi di dottorato
Licenza: DRM non definito
Dimensione 6.2 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
6.2 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/105184
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact