Unsuitable wastewater management in the animal breeding sector can lead to negative environmental and economical impacts. Regarding the swine breeding farms, the swine wastewater (SW) is characterised by high concentrations of organic matter and ammonia that make difficult its treatment in intensive plants, commonly adopted by several farms. The feasibility of SW spreading on soil without any pre-treatments is limited by the possible polluting effects (e.g., eutrophication of water bodies and the depletion of oxygen in soil). Moreover, these systems have a high requirement of energy and/or chemical additives for guaranteeing an efficient treatment. Extensive systems, such as lagooning, are cheaper and environmentally more sustainable compared to the intensive plants. However, these systems require long retention time (even months) and large space for plants, which make the treatment of large volumes of SW difficult or even impossible. Anaerobic digestion (AD), although being more and more common for the treatment of agricultural residues, has been less used for depurating the SW, since the biochemical processes are sensitive to the high ammonia concentration. In addition to organic matter degradation and nitrogen removal, the AD produces a biogas rich in biomethane, a gaseous renewable biofuel, and the digestate, the liquid effluent commonly used as soil fertiliser. The possibility to simultaneously recover energy and marketable by-products from SW is a good opportunity for swine breeding farms. Therefore, the AD could be a suitable alternative to the common treatments. However, the specific physico-chemical characteristics of the SW strongly limit the methane production. An AD pre-treatment could be necessary to remove the ammonia without reducing too much the organic content of SW. Air stripping (AS) is a simple but efficient system to reduce the amount of volatile compounds, using only air flow in the wastewater, and simultaneously recover nitrogen as ammonium sulphate (a soil fertiliser). The pre-treated SW, with a lower ammonia content compared to the raw SW, avoids or limits AD inhibition. Until now, in spite of a large body of literature about AS and AD of SW, few experiences have been carried out using AS as AD pre-treatment of SW. Moreover, the combined process is far from being optimised in terms of ammonium sulphate and biomethane yields. This thesis aims at optimising an integrated system consisting of AS and AD treatments applied in series, with the aims of depurating SW and producing biomethane and ammonium sulphate. The efficiency of AS for treating SW is compared to other physico-chemical treatments carried out on raw SW. To summarise the results of the laboratory experiments, the AS removed over 80% of ammonia nitrogen, with increased efficiency when pH and temperature were adjusted to optimal values; the soluble organic matter increased up to 50% in a few tests. Higher air flows allowed the increase of the recovery of ammonium sulphate. However, regardless of the pre-treatments, the AD of treated SW produced less methane compared to raw SW. The ammonia concentration was kept below the inhibition limit, and therefore this lower production could be due to the shortage of nutrient and organic matter as well as to other reasons, such as the presence of heavy metals and/or other toxic compounds. Overall, this study highlighted the feasibility of AS as a pre-treatment of SW, because it removed significant amounts of pollutants and recovered a marketable nutrient at the same time; on the other hand, the results showed the importance of optimising the operational parameters of AS, to ensure a yielding substrate for the AD. More research is needed to increase the energy yields of the combined AS+AD system, to ensure its environmental and economical sustainability for the SW valorisation.

La gestione delle acque reflue nel settore dell’allevamento animale porta a impatti negativi sia ambientali che economici. Le acque reflue degli allevamenti di suini sono caratterizzate da elevate concentrazioni di composti organici e dell’ammoniaca, che rendono difficile il trattamento negli impianti intensivi di depurazione che, inoltre, hanno un’elevata richiesta di energia e additivi chimici, necessari per rendere efficienti i trattamenti. La somministrazione delle acque suinicole sul suolo è limitata a causa dei possibili effetti inquinanti (come l’eutrofizzazione dei corpi idrici e il consumo di ossigeno nel suolo). I sistemi estensivi, come il lagunaggio, sono meno costosi e più sostenibili rispetto agli impianti intensivi. Tuttavia, richiedono lunghi tempi di ritenzione (persino mesi) ed elevati spazi per gli impianti, rendendo difficile il trattamento di elevati volumi di acque suinicole. La digestione anaerobica (DA), nonostante sia sempre più diffusa per il trattamento dei residui agricoli, è stata meno utilizzata per la depurazione delle acque suinicole, poiché i processi biochimici sono molto sensibili alle alte concentrazioni di composti ammoniacali. Oltre alla degradazione della sostanza organica e alla rimozione dei nutrienti, la DA produce biogas ricco in biometano, un biocombustibile gassoso rinnovabile, e digestato, comunemente utilizzato come fertilizzante per i suoli. La possibilità di recuperare dai reflui suinicoli energia e sottoprodotti commerciabili è una buona opportunità per gli allevatori di suini. La DA, quindi, potrebbe essere una ottimale alternativa ai comuni trattamenti. Tuttavia, le caratteristiche delle acque suinicole limitano fortemente la produzione di metano. Allo scopo di rimuovere l’ammoniaca senza ridurre eccessivamente il contenuto organico nelle acque suinicole, potrebbe essere necessario un pretrattamento prima della DA. L’air stripping (AS) è un sistema semplice ma efficace per ridurre la quantità di composti volatili, sottoponendo il refluo ad un semplice flusso d’aria, e, allo stesso tempo, per recuperare l’azoto come solfato d’ammonio (un fertilizzante per il suolo). Le acque suinicole pretrattate, evitano o limitano l’inibizione della DA. A tutt'oggi, nonostante la consistente letteratura sull’AS e la DA delle acque suinicole, sono state condotte poche esperienze usando l’AS come pretrattamento delle acque suinicole prima della DA; inoltre, il processo combinato potrebbe non garantire alte rese di biometano. Questa tesi, quindi, si pone lo scopo di ottimizzare un sistema integrato composto da AS e DA in serie, per depurare e, allo stesso tempo, produrre biometano e solfato d’ammonio. L’efficienza dell’AS per il trattamento dei reflui suinicoli è confrontata con altri trattamenti fisico-chimici condotti reflui tal quali. Sintetizzando i risultati degli esperimenti di laboratorio, l’AS è stata in grado di rimuovere oltre l’80% di azoto ammoniacale, con un incremento dell’efficienza se il pH la temperatura vengono corretti a valori ottimali; in alcuni test la sostanza organica solubile è aumentata del 50%. Portate d’aria consistenti hanno consentito il recupero di maggiori quantità di solfato di ammonio. Tuttavia, indipendentemente dal pretrattamento, la DA delle acque suinicole pretrattate ha prodotto un volume di metano inferiore rispetto alle acque non trattate. La concentrazione di ammoniaca è sempre stata mantenuta sotto la soglia di inibizione e, quindi, tale bassa produzione potrebbe essere dovuta ad una carenza di nutrienti o ad altri fattori, come la presenza di metalli pesanti e/o altri composti tossici. Nel complesso, lo studio ha evidenziato la fattibilità dell’AS come pretrattamento delle acque suinicole, in quanto si riesce contemporaneamente a rimuovere una notevole quantità di inquinanti ed a recuperare nutrienti commerciabili; d’altro canto, i risultati hanno evidenziato l’importanza di ottimizzare i parametri operativi dell’AS per assicurare un substrato adatto al processo di DA. Sono necessarie ulteriori indagini per aumentare le rese energetiche del sistema combinato AS + DA, per assicurare la sua sostenibilità ambientale ed economica per la valorizzazione delle acque reflue suinicole.

Innovative treatment systems of swine wastewater for energy valorisation and recovery of by-products / Folino, Adele. - (2021 Apr 09).

Innovative treatment systems of swine wastewater for energy valorisation and recovery of by-products

2021-04-09

Abstract

Unsuitable wastewater management in the animal breeding sector can lead to negative environmental and economical impacts. Regarding the swine breeding farms, the swine wastewater (SW) is characterised by high concentrations of organic matter and ammonia that make difficult its treatment in intensive plants, commonly adopted by several farms. The feasibility of SW spreading on soil without any pre-treatments is limited by the possible polluting effects (e.g., eutrophication of water bodies and the depletion of oxygen in soil). Moreover, these systems have a high requirement of energy and/or chemical additives for guaranteeing an efficient treatment. Extensive systems, such as lagooning, are cheaper and environmentally more sustainable compared to the intensive plants. However, these systems require long retention time (even months) and large space for plants, which make the treatment of large volumes of SW difficult or even impossible. Anaerobic digestion (AD), although being more and more common for the treatment of agricultural residues, has been less used for depurating the SW, since the biochemical processes are sensitive to the high ammonia concentration. In addition to organic matter degradation and nitrogen removal, the AD produces a biogas rich in biomethane, a gaseous renewable biofuel, and the digestate, the liquid effluent commonly used as soil fertiliser. The possibility to simultaneously recover energy and marketable by-products from SW is a good opportunity for swine breeding farms. Therefore, the AD could be a suitable alternative to the common treatments. However, the specific physico-chemical characteristics of the SW strongly limit the methane production. An AD pre-treatment could be necessary to remove the ammonia without reducing too much the organic content of SW. Air stripping (AS) is a simple but efficient system to reduce the amount of volatile compounds, using only air flow in the wastewater, and simultaneously recover nitrogen as ammonium sulphate (a soil fertiliser). The pre-treated SW, with a lower ammonia content compared to the raw SW, avoids or limits AD inhibition. Until now, in spite of a large body of literature about AS and AD of SW, few experiences have been carried out using AS as AD pre-treatment of SW. Moreover, the combined process is far from being optimised in terms of ammonium sulphate and biomethane yields. This thesis aims at optimising an integrated system consisting of AS and AD treatments applied in series, with the aims of depurating SW and producing biomethane and ammonium sulphate. The efficiency of AS for treating SW is compared to other physico-chemical treatments carried out on raw SW. To summarise the results of the laboratory experiments, the AS removed over 80% of ammonia nitrogen, with increased efficiency when pH and temperature were adjusted to optimal values; the soluble organic matter increased up to 50% in a few tests. Higher air flows allowed the increase of the recovery of ammonium sulphate. However, regardless of the pre-treatments, the AD of treated SW produced less methane compared to raw SW. The ammonia concentration was kept below the inhibition limit, and therefore this lower production could be due to the shortage of nutrient and organic matter as well as to other reasons, such as the presence of heavy metals and/or other toxic compounds. Overall, this study highlighted the feasibility of AS as a pre-treatment of SW, because it removed significant amounts of pollutants and recovered a marketable nutrient at the same time; on the other hand, the results showed the importance of optimising the operational parameters of AS, to ensure a yielding substrate for the AD. More research is needed to increase the energy yields of the combined AS+AD system, to ensure its environmental and economical sustainability for the SW valorisation.
9-apr-2021
Settore AGR/08 - IDRAULICA AGRARIA E SISTEMAZIONI IDRAULICO-FORESTALI
ZEMA, Demetrio Antonio
POIANA, MARCO
Doctoral Thesis
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
Folino Adele.pdf

accesso aperto

Tipologia: Tesi di dottorato
Licenza: DRM non definito
Dimensione 9.86 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
9.86 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/105186
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact