The present thesis project is clearly placed within the theme of Outbound Open Innovation and, more specifically, of External Technology Commercialization, defined as the choice of an organization to transfer a technological asset to an external entity through different contractual forms that provide monetary compensation. In a prospective scenario in which innovation and technology, to be understood not only as a physical asset but as a knowledge asset, represent the key to market competitiveness, companies have widened the boundaries within which innovation processes and development of new technologies can take place, and have gradually abandoned the paradigm of "Closed Innovation". The increasing need to generate and commercialize technology faster, together with the thinning of the line between intra- and interorganizational transfers, has led companies to look outside for new sources of technologies with greater commercial potential. In recent years, this peculiar role has been recognized in universities, which, in addition to the traditional functions of teaching and research, have embraced what is called "third mission", represented by the transfer of academic research results to the industrial world. Under the pressure of internal pressures, consisting of a growing entrepreneurial inclination of universities (so much so as to lead to the coining of the term "entrepreneurial university"), and external forces, represented by the industry's demand for valid technologies, universities have begun on the one hand to legitimize the concept of technology transfer at an institutional level, and on the other to equip themselves with increasingly articulated internal structures to carry out this type of activity. In such an innovative context, Technology Transfer Offices (TTO for short), i.e. those structures created by universities and dedicated to the management of the technology transfer process, were born and spread. Some studies carried out over time have shown that these offices differ greatly from each other both in terms of objectives and in terms of structure and organization. The same heterogeneity is also found in the performance achieved by the offices in question, and in particular the presence of inefficiencies in the process of transforming inputs into outputs. The literature that has been dedicated to the phenomenon of transfer offices has grown over time, and has shown more interest in the determination and identification of factors that can explain the differences in performance of these structures. It should be noted, however, that the results of the studies, in addition to being fragmentary, have focused for a long time on a Resource Based perspective, according to which the competitive differentials between the offices are identifiable in a number of peculiar resources and difficult to reproduce. Therefore, from this perspective the attention has then shifted to the managerial and organizational aspects of the TT process. With respect to this area of study, the thesis project focused only on the licensing process, a mechanism that has spread rapidly thanks to the development of Intellectual Property protection tools and several legislative interventions (first of all the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States) that have generally encouraged patenting activities within universities. Through this work, we have therefore proposed to analyze the factors that can determine better performance in licensing activities. To achieve this goal, we used the Dynamic Capability View perspective, according to which the key that allows offices to achieve superior performance does not come from the possession of unique and unimitable assets, but from how these assets are configured and managed at a managerial and process level. Dynamic Capabilities therefore constitute that series of strategic and organizational processes that allow to generate value within dynamic markets, using its own resources aimed at value creation strategies. This type of perspective had been adopted in relation to External Technology Commercialization and, even before, to investigate managerial issues similar to ETC, such as the development of new products, the formation of alliances as well as the acquisition of technology from outside. In order to do this, we proceeded to build an analysis framework adapting the concept of Dynamic Capability to the reality of the UITT, and then breaking it down into a series of capabilities that could justify the achievement of superior performance by the transfer offices. The analysis framework consists of 4 variables: - Performance: which in the case that occupies us corresponds to the results achieved by the transfer offices in licensing activities, considered in terms of revenues generated and number of license agreements signed. - Exogenous variables: which constitute all those factors, both relative to the context and representative of the available resources, but which are not dependent on the will of the T.T.O. and on which the same cannot act directly; - Capabilities: these represent the single aspects of the capability of an office to carry out the licensing process achieving superior performances in comparison to the others; - Microfoundations: such elements constitute that series of variables tied up: to the staff of the office, to the management of the process, and to the organization of the university structure, that can be associated to superior results and that are at the base of the development of the theory of a dynamic capability. As part of the research work, the development of the above logical scheme has made it possible to summarize the purpose of the study in three Questions: 1. What endogenous or exogenous variables can be associated with improved performance? 2. What capabilities have been identified that allow superior performance to be achieved? 3. How are capabilities influenced by the variables considered and which microfoundations can determine the development of a capability? In order to answer these questions, an empirical exploratory survey has been carried out based on the study of 9 structured TTO cases belonging to 9 Italian universities through interviews. Through this method of investigation we proceeded with the interviews conducted in person with the directors or officers of the structures and it was possible to collect both qualitative and quantitative information. Specifically, the qualitative answers have been coded through the use of a questionnaire based on a Likert scale. Once all the data had been collected, from the cross analysis of the case studies written, it was possible to elaborate some considerations regarding the Research Questions identified above. With regard to the first Research Question, and in particular with respect to exogenous variables, the following results were found - In larger universities with large amounts of investment in research, these exogenous variables alone are not sufficient to determine superior performance in licensing; - The presence of higher investments generally corresponds to a greater concentration on the commercialization of research results; - The distribution of licensing revenues among the components of the university guarantee the minimum incentive for the researcher to actively participate in the licensing process and are associated with better performance; - The years and seniority of the office in carrying out its activities are positively associated with the number of licenses accumulated; - There is a minimum time lag of at least 5 years between the foundation of the TTO and the first licensing income; - The number of Full Time Equivalents employees in the TTO is positively associated with licensing revenues; - The number of FTE staff employed in the office is generally positively associated with the ability to process more activities externally. With regard to microfoundations, i.e. microeconomic variables, the results can be summarized as follows: - TTOs that boast a staff characterized by a technical component in addition to the presence of economic backgrounds are associated with superior performance; - The presence in the office of a director with in-depth knowledge and expertise in Transfer and international experience is associated with better results; - A formalized internal TTO structure, which develops horizontally, and has a strong managerial figure is more associated with successful performance; - The team management of the process activities derives mainly from the size of the structure and the heterogeneity of skills, so that in larger and more articulated structures a vertical supervision of the process is adopted; - The best results in the licensing process are obtained in cases where operational management is entrusted to officers, with a limited contribution from the director, particularly in the intelligence phase; - The decision-making power attributed to the TTO, which is greater in cases where it is configured as an autonomous center, is positively linked to successful performance; - The use of an employee incentive system on a monetary basis is generally associated with greater efficiency of the office; - A first expression of interest in a technology within 12 months of filing the patent is a limit to office efficiency, while there is a positive relationship between office performance and time spent negotiating; - Successful results are associated with increased attention to the planning and negotiation phases of the process. Effectiveness in the intelligence phase, on the other hand, is a differential element for superior results; - The phase on which management tools can have the greatest impact is the planning phase, followed by the intelligence phase. The managerial practices that, on the other hand, concern the implementation and control of the process have less influence, while those related to negotiation represent a support to the negotiation skills possessed by the officers; - The marketing strength of a transfer office is positively influenced by the communication channels used: if properly developed, the structure's website can act as a beacon of the TTO function, but it is only through the constant use of personal contacts and a correct and targeted use of direct e-mailing that superior performance can be achieved; As for the answer to the second and third question of this research work, we have been able to see the importance of the various capabilities identified in the process management and how they can be influenced by both exogenous variables and microfoundations. In particular, we have come to results that are summarized below: - The disclosing capability was found to be more relevant in cases where the entrepreneurial orientation of the university structure is still scarce or developing. Therefore, it is influenced by the level of incentive provided to researchers, the institutional support provided by the university to which it belongs, and the years of activity of the TTO; - a greater selective capacity of the disclosures presented is associated with higher performance in terms of licensing revenues. The propensity to select better assets is influenced by the number of years of activity of the structure, and manifests itself in offices with a greater cumulative experience; - As for the level of readiness to implement licensing strategies, the TTOs that prove to be more proactive in customer identification, contact and promotion activities, and are able to carry them out in less time, are characterized by superior performance. It can be said that this ability is influenced by several variables including the skills possessed by the staff, an internal incentive system based on monetary bonuses, as well as greater decision-making power attributed to the structure; - The ability to identify potential clients is facilitated by the possession of a network of past contacts accumulated through the network activities set up by the office. This ability is able to generate superior performance when combined with increased marketing activities by the TTO in a "shotgunning" strategy; - A greater capacity for flexibility in the management of the process, and in particular in the negotiation phase, corresponds to superior performance of the offices only if the basis is the use of systematic procedures. In the absence of this, the construction of "ad hoc" processes has a negative impact on performance. Instead, greater flexibility corresponds to greater negotiation capacity and more time dedicated to this phase; - The types and extent of the reconfigurations of the organizations of the structures used for the transfer is inversely proportional to the level of satisfaction with the results obtained. The structures that have evolved over time have performed better than in the past, however, the presence of too radical changes has led to a decrease in performance compared to slow and progressive changes; - The complex of networking activities with other TTOs have been positively associated with learning effects and improved performance compared to the past, which is why the structures that have been operating for less years in the transfer sector have proven to be more attentive to this type of activity. The network activities aimed at the customer network are related to a greater ability of the TTO to identify potential licensees. The strategy in this sense more associated with superior performance consists in maintaining previous contacts and the search for new contacts. Finally, it should be noted that a network focused on small customers is negatively associated with the higher level of performance in the industry market. The research work carried out so far, compared to the studies found in the literature review, has allowed to consider more broadly the managerial, organizational and structural aspects that underlie the TTO. The results obtained provide, certainly, a contribution to the construction of an interpretative model about the heterogeneity of performance achieved by technology transfer offices in the licensing process through the adoption of a prospective technique based on Dynamic capabilities. The research carried out is in fact to be considered purely exploratory and the results can be confirmed and validated through a larger and more significant sample of analysis. Finally, it is possible to believe that, despite its limitations, this research work can be useful both as a self-assessment tool for office directors and as a further cue for future integration in some sections related to management and organizational aspects in the annual reports drawn up by NETVAL.
Il presente progetto di Tesi si colloca in via di evidenza all’interno della tematica dell’Outbound Open Innovation e, più in particolare, dell’External Technology Commercialization, definita come quella scelta di un’organizzazione di trasferire un asset tecnologico ad un soggetto esterno mediante differenti forme contrattuali che prevedono compensazioni di tipo monetario. In uno scenario prospettico in cui l’innovazione e la tecnologia, da intendersi non solo come bene fisico ma come knowledge asset (strumento di conoscenza), rappresentano la chiave in materia di competitività sul mercato, le aziende hanno ampliato i confini entro cui possono avvenire i processi di innovazione e sviluppo di nuove tecnologie, ed hanno abbandonato gradualmente il paradigma di “Closed Innovation”. La sempre maggiore esigenza di generare e commercializzare tecnologia più velocemente, insieme all’assottigliamento della linea tra trasferimenti intraorganizzativi e interorganizzativi, ha portato le aziende a cercare all’esterno nuove fonti di tecnologie con maggiore potenziale commerciale. Negli ultimi anni più questo ruolo peculiare è stato riconosciuto nelle università, le quali, accanto alle funzioni tradizionali di insegnamento e di ricerca, hanno abbracciato quella che viene definita “terza missione”, rappresentata-appunto- dal trasferimento al mondo industriale dei risultati della ricerca accademica. Sotto la spinta di pressioni interne, costituite da una crescente inclinazione imprenditoriale degli atenei (tanto da portare alla coniazione del termine “entrepreneurial university”), e da forze esterne, rappresentate dalla domanda da parte dell’industria di tecnologie valide, le università hanno iniziato da un lato a legittimare a livello istituzionale il concetto di trasferimento tecnologico, e dall’altro a dotarsi di strutture interne sempre più articolate per svolgere questo genere di attività. Nascono, in un tale contesto innovativo, e si diffondo i Technology Transfer Offices ( in breve TTO), ossia quelle strutture create dagli atenei e adibite alla gestione del processo di trasferimento tecnologico. Alcuni studi condotti nel tempo hanno mostrato come questi uffici differiscano notevolmente tra loro sia a livello di obiettivi, che a livello di struttura ed organizzazione. La stessa eterogeneità viene riscontrata anche nelle performance conseguite dagli uffici in discorso, ed in particolare viene evidenziata la presenza di inefficienze nel processo di trasformazione degli inputs in outputs. La letteratura che si è dedicata al fenomeno degli uffici di trasferimento è nel tempo cresciuta, e si è dimostrata più interessata alla determinazione ed alla individuazione dei fattori in grado di spiegare le differenze di prestazioni di queste strutture. E’ da evidenziare, però, che i risultati degli studi tuttavia, oltre ad essere frammentari, si sono concentrati per lungo tempo su di un’ottica Resource Based, secondo cui i differenziali competitivi tra gli uffici sono identificabili in una serie di risorse peculiari e difficilmente riproducibili. Pertanto, da questa prospettiva l’attenzione si è poi spostata sugli aspetti manageriali ed organizzativi del processo di TT. Rispetto a questo ambito di studio, il progetto di tesi si è focalizzato sul solo processo di licensing, meccanismo questo che si è diffuso rapidamente grazie anche allo sviluppo degli strumenti di protezione della Proprietà Intellettuale e ad diversi interventi legislativi (primo tra tutti il Bayh-Dole Act statunitense) che hanno incoraggiato in via generale le attività di brevettazione all’interno delle università. Attraverso questo nostro lavoro, ci si è quindi proposti di analizzare i fattori che possono determinare migliori performance nelle attività di licensing. Per raggiungere questa finalità è stata utilizzata la prospettiva propria dalle Dynamic Capability View, secondo cui la chiave di lettura che permette agli uffici di raggiungere performance superiori non deriva dal possesso di assets unici e non imitabili, bensì da come questi assets vengono configurati e gestiti a livello manageriale e di processo. Le Dynamic Capabilities costituiscono quindi quella serie di processi strategici ed organizzativi che permettono di generare valore all’interno di mercati dinamici, utilizzando le sue proprie risorse volte a strategie mirate alla creazione di valore. Questo tipo di prospettiva era stata adottata relativamente all’External Technology Commercialization e, prima ancora, per indagare questioni manageriali simili all’ETC, come ad esempio lo sviluppo di nuovi prodotti, la formazione di alleanze come anche per l’acquisizione di tecnologia dall’esterno. Pera fare ciò si è proceduto alla costruzione di un framework di analisi adattando il concetto di Dynamic Capability alla realtà dell’UITT, e poi scomponendolo in una serie di capabilities che potessero giustificare il raggiungimento di performance superiori da parte degli uffici di trasferimento. Il framework di analisi risulta costituito da 4 variabili: • Performance: che nel caso che ci occupa corrisponde ai risultati conseguiti dagli uffici di trasferimento nelle attività di licensing, considerati in termini di ricavi di competenza generati e numero di contratti di licenza firmati. • Variabili esogene: che costituiscono tutti quei fattori, sia relativi al contesto sia rappresentativi delle risorse a disposizione, ma che non sono dipendenti dalla volontà del T.T.O. e su cui lo stesso non può agire direttamente; • Capabilities: queste rappresentano i singoli aspetti della capability di un ufficio di svolgere il processo di licensing conseguendo prestazioni superiori rispetto agli altri; • Microfoundations: tali elementi costituiscono quella serie di variabili legate: al personale dell’ufficio, alla gestione del processo, e all’organizzazione della struttura universitaria, che possono essere associate a risultati superiori e che stanno alla base dello sviluppo della teoria di una dynamic capability.Nell’ambito del lavoro di ricerca lo sviluppo dello schema logico sopra riportato ha consentito di riassumere le finalità dello studio in tre Domande: 1. Quali variabili endogene o esogene al processo possono essere associate a migliori performance? 2. Quali capabilities individuate permettono di potere realizzare performance superiori? 3. Come le capabilities vengono influenzate dalle variabili considerate e quali microfoundations possono determinare lo sviluppo di una capability? Per potere rispondere a tali quesiti è stata realizzata un’indagine empirica di tipo esplorativo basata sullo studio di 9 casi di TTO strutturati ed appartenenti ad altrettante università italiane mediante interviste. Attraverso tale modalità di indagine si è proceduto con le interviste realizzate di persona con i direttori o con gli officers delle strutture ed è stato, in questo modo, possibile raccogliere informazioni di tipo sia qualitativo sia quantitativo. Nello specifico, le risposte di tipo qualitativo sono state codificate mediante l’utilizzo di un questionario basato su una scala Likert. Raccolti tutti i dati, dall’analisi incrociata dei casi di studio redatti è stato possibile elaborare alcune considerazioni relative alle Domande di Ricerca sopra individuate. In merito alla prima Domanda di Ricerca, ed in particolare rispetto alle variabili esogene, sono stati riscontrati i seguenti risultati ed ossia che: • In Atenei di maggiori dimensioni e con ingenti somme di investimenti nella ricerca tali variabili esogene non sono da sole sufficienti a determinare performance superiori nel licensing; • La presenza di maggiori investimenti in genere corrisponde ad una maggiore concentrazione sulla commercializzazione dei risultati della ricerca; • La suddivisione dei ricavi da licensing tra i componenti dell’ateneo garantiscono l’incentivo minimo al ricercatore affinché lo stesso partecipi attivamente al processo di licensing e sono associate a performance migliori; • Gli anni e l’anzianità dell’ufficio nello svolgimento delle sue attività sono positivamente associati al numero di licenze cumulate; • Sussiste un lag temporale minimo per lo meno di 5 anni tra la fondazione del TTO e le prime entrate da licensing; • Il numero di impiegati Full Time Equivalents nei TTO è positivamente associato ai ricavi derivanti da licensing; • Il numero di personale FTE impiegato nell’ufficio è in genere positivamente associato alla capacità di processare all’esterno un quantitativo superiore di attività. Relativamente alle microfoundations, ossia alle variabili microeconomiche i risultati possono essere riassunti nel modo che segue: • I TTO che vantano uno staff caratterizzato da una componente tecnica oltre che dalla presenza di backgrounds economici sono associati a performance superiori; • La presenza nell’ufficio di un direttore dotato di approfondite conoscenze e competenze in materia di Trasferimento, oltre che di esperienza a livello internazionale è associata a risultati migliori; • Una struttura interna del TTO formalizzata, che si sviluppa in maniera orizzontale , ed è dotata di una figura direzionale forte è maggiormente associata a performance di successo; • La gestione in team delle attività del processo deriva principalmente dalle dimensioni della struttura e dall’eterogeneità delle competenze, così che in strutture più grandi e più articolate si adotta un presidio verticale del processo; • I migliori risultati nel processo di licensing si ottengono nei casi in cui la gestione operativa è affidata agli officers, con un contributo limitato del direttore, in particolare nella fase di intelligence; • Il potere decisionale attribuito al TTO, che è maggiore nei casi in cui è configurato come centro autonomo, è collegato positivamente a performance di successo; • L’utilizzo di un sistema di incentivazione dei dipendenti su base monetaria è in genere associato ad una maggiore efficienza dell’ufficio; • Una prima espressione di interesse su una tecnologia entro 12 mesi dal deposito del brevetto costituisce un limite di efficienza dell’ufficio, mentre esiste una relazione positiva tra le performance dell’ufficio ed il tempo dedicato alla negoziazione; • Risultati di successo sono associati ad una maggiore attenzione alle fasi di pianificazione e di negoziazione del processo. L’efficacia nella fase di intelligence costituisce, invece, un elemento differenziale per risultati superiori; • La fase su cui gli strumenti manageriali possono avere il maggior impatto è quella relativa al planning, seguita dalla fase di intelligence. Le pratiche manageriale che, invece, riguardano la realizzazione ed il controllo del processo hanno una minore influenza, mentre quelle relative alla negoziazione rappresentano un supporto alle competenze negoziali possedute dagli officers; • La forza in ambito di marketing di un ufficio di tarsferimento è positivamente influenzata dai canali di comunicazioni utilizzati: se opportunamente sviluppato il sito internet della struttura può fungere da segnalatore della funzione del TTO, ma è solo tramite l’utilizzo costante dei contatti personali ed un uso corretto e targettizzato delle direct e-mailing che si possono raggiungere prestazioni superiori; Quanto alla risposta alla seconda ed alla terza Domanda di questo lavoro di ricerca, abbiamo potuto constatare l’importanza delle varie capabilities individuate nella gestione del processo e di come esse possono essere influenzate sia dalle variabili esogene, sia dalle microfoundations. In particolare si è giunti a risultati che qui di seguito vengono indicati in sintesi : • La capacità di disclosing capability è risultata essere più rilevante nei casi in cui l’orientamento imprenditoriale della struttura universitaria è ancora scarso o in via di sviluppo. Pertanto, essa è influenzata dal livello di incentivazione fornito ai ricercatori, dal supporto istituzionale erogato dall’ateneo di appartenenza, e dagli anni di attività del TTO; • una maggiore capacità selettiva delle disclosures presentate è associata a superiori performance in termini di ricavi da licensing. La propensione a selezionare migliori asset è influenzata dal numero di anni di attività della struttura, e si manifesta in uffici con una maggiore esperienza cumulata; • quanto al livello di prontezza nell’implementare le strategie di licensing, i TTO che si dimostrano di fatto più proattivi nelle attività di identificazione dei clienti, contatto e promozione, e che riescono a svolgerle in un tempo minore, sono caratterizzati da performance superiori. E’ possibile affermare che tale capacità è influenzata da diverse variabili tra cui le competenze possedute dal personale, da un sistema di incentivi interno basato su bonus monetari, oltre che da un maggiore potere decisionale attribuito alla struttura; • La capability di identificazione dei potenziali clienti è facilitata dal possesso di una rete di contatti pregressi accumulati tramite le attività di network poste in essere dall’ufficio. Tale capacità è in grado di generare performance superiori se abbinata a maggiori attività di marketing da parte del TTO nell’ottica di una strategia di tipo “shotgunning”; • Una maggiore capacità di flessibilità nella conduzione del processo, ed in particolare nella fase di negoziazione, corrispondono performance superiori degli uffici solo se alla base vi è l’utilizzo di procedure di tipo sistematico. In mancanza la costruzione di processi “ad hoc” risulta avere impatto negativo sulle performance. Invece, a maggiore flessibilità corrispondono invece maggiori capacità di negoziazione ed un tempo maggiore dedicato a questa fase; • Le tipologie e l’entità delle riconfigurazioni delle organizzazioni delle strutture adibite al trasferimento è inversamente proporzionale al livello di soddisfazione dei risultati ottenuti. Le strutture che si sono evolute nel tempo hanno conseguito performance migliori rispetto al passato, tuttavia la presenza di cambiamenti troppo radicali ha portato a prestazioni in decrescita rispetto a cambiamenti lenti e progressivi; • Il complesso di attività di networking con altri TTO sono stati positivamente associati ad effetti di apprendimento e di miglioramento delle performance rispetto a quelle del passato, per questo le strutture che operano da meno anni nel settore del trasferimento si sono dimostrate più attente a questo genere di attività. Le attività di network rivolte alla rete di clienti risultano correlate ad una maggiore capacità del TTO di identificazione dei potenziali licenziatari. La strategia in tal senso più associata a performance superiori consiste nel mantenimento dei contatti pregressi e nella ricerca di nuovi contatti. Da ultimo va riscontrato che una rete concentrata su clienti di piccole dimensioni è associata negativamente al livello di performance di carattere superiore sul mercato dell’industria. Il lavoro di ricerca sino a qui svolto, rispetto agli studi riscontrati nella review letteratura, ha permesso di considerare in modo più ampio gli aspetti manageriali, organizzativi e strutturali che stanno alla base dei TTO. I risultati cui si è pervenuti forniscono, sicuramente, un contributo alla costruzione di un modello di tipo interpretativo circa le eterogeneità delle performance conseguite dagli uffici di trasferimento tecnologico nel processo di licensing tramite l’adozione di una tecnica prospettica basata sulle Dynamic capabilities. La ricerca realizzata è infatti da considerarsi puramente esplorativa ed i risultati potranno essere confermati e validati tramite un campione d’analisi più ampio e significativo. Infine è possibile ritenere che, nonostante i suoi limiti, il presente lavoro di ricerca possa essere utile sia come strumento di autovalutazione per i direttori degli uffici, sia come ulteriore spunto per una futura integrazione in alcune sezioni relative agli aspetti gestionali ed organizzativi nei rapporti annuali stilati da NETVAL.
Le realtà degli Uffici di Trasferimento Tecnologico Universitario: scenario possibile / Ruscio, Emanuela. - (2021 Apr 28).
Le realtà degli Uffici di Trasferimento Tecnologico Universitario: scenario possibile
2021-04-28
Abstract
The present thesis project is clearly placed within the theme of Outbound Open Innovation and, more specifically, of External Technology Commercialization, defined as the choice of an organization to transfer a technological asset to an external entity through different contractual forms that provide monetary compensation. In a prospective scenario in which innovation and technology, to be understood not only as a physical asset but as a knowledge asset, represent the key to market competitiveness, companies have widened the boundaries within which innovation processes and development of new technologies can take place, and have gradually abandoned the paradigm of "Closed Innovation". The increasing need to generate and commercialize technology faster, together with the thinning of the line between intra- and interorganizational transfers, has led companies to look outside for new sources of technologies with greater commercial potential. In recent years, this peculiar role has been recognized in universities, which, in addition to the traditional functions of teaching and research, have embraced what is called "third mission", represented by the transfer of academic research results to the industrial world. Under the pressure of internal pressures, consisting of a growing entrepreneurial inclination of universities (so much so as to lead to the coining of the term "entrepreneurial university"), and external forces, represented by the industry's demand for valid technologies, universities have begun on the one hand to legitimize the concept of technology transfer at an institutional level, and on the other to equip themselves with increasingly articulated internal structures to carry out this type of activity. In such an innovative context, Technology Transfer Offices (TTO for short), i.e. those structures created by universities and dedicated to the management of the technology transfer process, were born and spread. Some studies carried out over time have shown that these offices differ greatly from each other both in terms of objectives and in terms of structure and organization. The same heterogeneity is also found in the performance achieved by the offices in question, and in particular the presence of inefficiencies in the process of transforming inputs into outputs. The literature that has been dedicated to the phenomenon of transfer offices has grown over time, and has shown more interest in the determination and identification of factors that can explain the differences in performance of these structures. It should be noted, however, that the results of the studies, in addition to being fragmentary, have focused for a long time on a Resource Based perspective, according to which the competitive differentials between the offices are identifiable in a number of peculiar resources and difficult to reproduce. Therefore, from this perspective the attention has then shifted to the managerial and organizational aspects of the TT process. With respect to this area of study, the thesis project focused only on the licensing process, a mechanism that has spread rapidly thanks to the development of Intellectual Property protection tools and several legislative interventions (first of all the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States) that have generally encouraged patenting activities within universities. Through this work, we have therefore proposed to analyze the factors that can determine better performance in licensing activities. To achieve this goal, we used the Dynamic Capability View perspective, according to which the key that allows offices to achieve superior performance does not come from the possession of unique and unimitable assets, but from how these assets are configured and managed at a managerial and process level. Dynamic Capabilities therefore constitute that series of strategic and organizational processes that allow to generate value within dynamic markets, using its own resources aimed at value creation strategies. This type of perspective had been adopted in relation to External Technology Commercialization and, even before, to investigate managerial issues similar to ETC, such as the development of new products, the formation of alliances as well as the acquisition of technology from outside. In order to do this, we proceeded to build an analysis framework adapting the concept of Dynamic Capability to the reality of the UITT, and then breaking it down into a series of capabilities that could justify the achievement of superior performance by the transfer offices. The analysis framework consists of 4 variables: - Performance: which in the case that occupies us corresponds to the results achieved by the transfer offices in licensing activities, considered in terms of revenues generated and number of license agreements signed. - Exogenous variables: which constitute all those factors, both relative to the context and representative of the available resources, but which are not dependent on the will of the T.T.O. and on which the same cannot act directly; - Capabilities: these represent the single aspects of the capability of an office to carry out the licensing process achieving superior performances in comparison to the others; - Microfoundations: such elements constitute that series of variables tied up: to the staff of the office, to the management of the process, and to the organization of the university structure, that can be associated to superior results and that are at the base of the development of the theory of a dynamic capability. As part of the research work, the development of the above logical scheme has made it possible to summarize the purpose of the study in three Questions: 1. What endogenous or exogenous variables can be associated with improved performance? 2. What capabilities have been identified that allow superior performance to be achieved? 3. How are capabilities influenced by the variables considered and which microfoundations can determine the development of a capability? In order to answer these questions, an empirical exploratory survey has been carried out based on the study of 9 structured TTO cases belonging to 9 Italian universities through interviews. Through this method of investigation we proceeded with the interviews conducted in person with the directors or officers of the structures and it was possible to collect both qualitative and quantitative information. Specifically, the qualitative answers have been coded through the use of a questionnaire based on a Likert scale. Once all the data had been collected, from the cross analysis of the case studies written, it was possible to elaborate some considerations regarding the Research Questions identified above. With regard to the first Research Question, and in particular with respect to exogenous variables, the following results were found - In larger universities with large amounts of investment in research, these exogenous variables alone are not sufficient to determine superior performance in licensing; - The presence of higher investments generally corresponds to a greater concentration on the commercialization of research results; - The distribution of licensing revenues among the components of the university guarantee the minimum incentive for the researcher to actively participate in the licensing process and are associated with better performance; - The years and seniority of the office in carrying out its activities are positively associated with the number of licenses accumulated; - There is a minimum time lag of at least 5 years between the foundation of the TTO and the first licensing income; - The number of Full Time Equivalents employees in the TTO is positively associated with licensing revenues; - The number of FTE staff employed in the office is generally positively associated with the ability to process more activities externally. With regard to microfoundations, i.e. microeconomic variables, the results can be summarized as follows: - TTOs that boast a staff characterized by a technical component in addition to the presence of economic backgrounds are associated with superior performance; - The presence in the office of a director with in-depth knowledge and expertise in Transfer and international experience is associated with better results; - A formalized internal TTO structure, which develops horizontally, and has a strong managerial figure is more associated with successful performance; - The team management of the process activities derives mainly from the size of the structure and the heterogeneity of skills, so that in larger and more articulated structures a vertical supervision of the process is adopted; - The best results in the licensing process are obtained in cases where operational management is entrusted to officers, with a limited contribution from the director, particularly in the intelligence phase; - The decision-making power attributed to the TTO, which is greater in cases where it is configured as an autonomous center, is positively linked to successful performance; - The use of an employee incentive system on a monetary basis is generally associated with greater efficiency of the office; - A first expression of interest in a technology within 12 months of filing the patent is a limit to office efficiency, while there is a positive relationship between office performance and time spent negotiating; - Successful results are associated with increased attention to the planning and negotiation phases of the process. Effectiveness in the intelligence phase, on the other hand, is a differential element for superior results; - The phase on which management tools can have the greatest impact is the planning phase, followed by the intelligence phase. The managerial practices that, on the other hand, concern the implementation and control of the process have less influence, while those related to negotiation represent a support to the negotiation skills possessed by the officers; - The marketing strength of a transfer office is positively influenced by the communication channels used: if properly developed, the structure's website can act as a beacon of the TTO function, but it is only through the constant use of personal contacts and a correct and targeted use of direct e-mailing that superior performance can be achieved; As for the answer to the second and third question of this research work, we have been able to see the importance of the various capabilities identified in the process management and how they can be influenced by both exogenous variables and microfoundations. In particular, we have come to results that are summarized below: - The disclosing capability was found to be more relevant in cases where the entrepreneurial orientation of the university structure is still scarce or developing. Therefore, it is influenced by the level of incentive provided to researchers, the institutional support provided by the university to which it belongs, and the years of activity of the TTO; - a greater selective capacity of the disclosures presented is associated with higher performance in terms of licensing revenues. The propensity to select better assets is influenced by the number of years of activity of the structure, and manifests itself in offices with a greater cumulative experience; - As for the level of readiness to implement licensing strategies, the TTOs that prove to be more proactive in customer identification, contact and promotion activities, and are able to carry them out in less time, are characterized by superior performance. It can be said that this ability is influenced by several variables including the skills possessed by the staff, an internal incentive system based on monetary bonuses, as well as greater decision-making power attributed to the structure; - The ability to identify potential clients is facilitated by the possession of a network of past contacts accumulated through the network activities set up by the office. This ability is able to generate superior performance when combined with increased marketing activities by the TTO in a "shotgunning" strategy; - A greater capacity for flexibility in the management of the process, and in particular in the negotiation phase, corresponds to superior performance of the offices only if the basis is the use of systematic procedures. In the absence of this, the construction of "ad hoc" processes has a negative impact on performance. Instead, greater flexibility corresponds to greater negotiation capacity and more time dedicated to this phase; - The types and extent of the reconfigurations of the organizations of the structures used for the transfer is inversely proportional to the level of satisfaction with the results obtained. The structures that have evolved over time have performed better than in the past, however, the presence of too radical changes has led to a decrease in performance compared to slow and progressive changes; - The complex of networking activities with other TTOs have been positively associated with learning effects and improved performance compared to the past, which is why the structures that have been operating for less years in the transfer sector have proven to be more attentive to this type of activity. The network activities aimed at the customer network are related to a greater ability of the TTO to identify potential licensees. The strategy in this sense more associated with superior performance consists in maintaining previous contacts and the search for new contacts. Finally, it should be noted that a network focused on small customers is negatively associated with the higher level of performance in the industry market. The research work carried out so far, compared to the studies found in the literature review, has allowed to consider more broadly the managerial, organizational and structural aspects that underlie the TTO. The results obtained provide, certainly, a contribution to the construction of an interpretative model about the heterogeneity of performance achieved by technology transfer offices in the licensing process through the adoption of a prospective technique based on Dynamic capabilities. The research carried out is in fact to be considered purely exploratory and the results can be confirmed and validated through a larger and more significant sample of analysis. Finally, it is possible to believe that, despite its limitations, this research work can be useful both as a self-assessment tool for office directors and as a further cue for future integration in some sections related to management and organizational aspects in the annual reports drawn up by NETVAL.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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