ABSTRACT In Italy, the legislation regulating the use of synthetic pesticides has become more stringent in recent years with the consequent banning of several active ingredients. In the agro-food sector, pesticides are commonly used also within the food industries and, thus, they can potentially contaminate food. For these reasons, it is important to find new eco-friendly pest control tools. Among the proposed new tools, essential oils (EOs) have been widely studied for their recognized antimicrobial, insecticide, antioxidant and antifungal activity. Essential oils can be a viable alternative to synthetic pesticides due to their reasonable cost and general wide availability. It is not easy to handle and store EOs because they are easily subject to oxidative processes and they are thermosensitive; in this scenario, the present PhD thesis has focused on developing EO-based nanoemulsions to increase their insecticidal activity and to make the final formulations more user-friendly. Eight EOs have been selected and their chemical composition has been characterized by GC-MS analysis. Subsequently, the nano-insecticides were formulated using the spontaneous emulsification process of oils in water, assisted by a surfactant. To further reduce the size of the lipidic micelles, an ultrasonic homogenizer was used. The insecticidal effectiveness and the repellent action of the developed nanoformulations have been evaluated against Tribolium confusum, a cosmopolitan pest of milling industry. The toxicity against adult beetles has been verified by applying EOs as cold aerosol inside plexiglass boxes connected to an Air Delivery System. To assess the repellence of the nanoformulations, a sodium polyacrylate-based gel was developed to convey and gradually release the volatile constituent of the EOs and prolong their effectiveness toward adult T. confusum. Toxicity tests were also performed on Drosophila melanogaster, a model pest damaging fruit in post-harvest, administering the nanoformulations to adult flies as fumigants in hermetically sealed arenas. Results from the trials highlighted that, among the eight developed EO-based nanoformulations, the most promising were the garlic and anise-based nanoemulsions, which can cause high toxicity and repellence against both D. melanogaster and T. confusum. To understand the mechanisms regulating the insecticidal activity, the most promising EO nanoformulations were selected and a gene expression analysis focused on the nervous system was performed on D. melanogaster. The target genes whose expression was evaluated were AChE, Gabat, Tbh, ADH, AANAT, GstS1, Mgstl and Vha68-2, which were reported in the literature as genes commonly involved in the nervous system. The expression of the genes Cyp6a2, Cyp6a8, Cyp6a19, Cyp6a23, Cyp6g1, Cyp6g2, Cyp6t3 and Cyp12d1 was also evaluated; according to literature, these genes, afferent to the CP450 system, are involved in detoxification and resistance to insecticides. The analysis of gene expression demonstrated that anise EO inhibited both the acetylcholine and octopamine systems, while garlic EO of garlic did not directly affect the main enzymes related to the nervous system, although its toxicity is probably due to an interaction with the acetylcholine system through an allosteric action. The results of the present study are promising because the insecticidal activity of EO-based nanoformulations has been proved even at very low concentrations. Furthermore, useful information about the mechanism of action of these EOs have been provided, although further investigation is needed to definitely identify the target sites of the two best performing essential oils.

In Italia, la normativa che regola l'uso dei pesticidi di sintesi è diventata negli ultimi anni più stringente con la conseguente messa al bando di numerosi principi attivi. Nel comparto agroalimentare, i pesticidi sono comunemente utilizzati anche all'interno dell'industria alimentare e quindi potenzialmente possono contaminare gli alimenti. Per questi motivi è importante trovare nuovi strumenti di disinfestazione eco-compatibili. Tra i nuovi strumenti di interesse, gli oli essenziali (OE) sono stati ampiamente studiati per la loro riconosciuta attività antimicrobica, insetticida, antiossidante e antimicotica. Gli oli essenziali possono essere una valida alternativa ai pesticidi di sintesi grazie al loro costo ragionevole e alla generale ampia disponibilità. Non è semplice maneggiare e stoccare gli OE poiché questi sono facilmente soggetti a processi ossidativi e sono termosensibili. In questo contesto, il presente lavoro di tesi si è occupato di sviluppare delle nano-formulazioni a base di OE volte ad incrementarne l’efficacia e a rendere la formulazione insetticida maggiormente user-friendly. Sono stati selezionati otto OE e di questi ne è stata caratterizzata la composizione chimica tramite analisi GC-MS. Successivamente i nano-insetticidi sono stati formulati sfruttando il processo di emulsificazione spontanea degli oli in acqua, coadiuvato dall’impiego un surfattante. Per ridurre ulteriormente la dimensione delle micelle lipidiche è stato utilizzato un omogeneizzatore ultrasonico. L’efficacia insetticida e l’azione repellente delle nano-formulazioni sviluppate sono state valutate nei confronti di adulti di Tribolium confusum, un infestante cosmopolita delle industrie molitorie. La tossicità è stata verificata applicando gli OE come nebbia fredda (cold aerosol) all’interno di box di plexiglass connessi ad un Air Delivery System. Per valutare la repellenza delle nano-formulazioni, è stato elaborato un gel a base di poliacrilato di sodio, allo scopo di veicolare e rilasciare gradualmente la costituente volatile degli OE prolungandone l’efficacia. Su Drosophila melanogaster, un insetto modello che danneggia numerosi frutti in post-raccolta, sono stati effettuati test di tossicità ma, a differenza del trattamento effettuato su T. confusum, le nano-formulazioni sono state somministrate alle mosche adulte come fumiganti in arene con chiusura ermetica. Tra le 8 nano-formulazioni a base di OE sviluppate, i risultati più promettenti sono stati ottenuti con le nanoemulsioni a base di OE di aglio e di anice, per i quali è stata osservata un’ottima tossicità e repellenza sia nei confronti di D. melanogaster che di T. confusum. Per avere una conoscenza più approfondita dei meccanismi che regolano l’azione insetticida, sono stati selezionati gli OE più promettenti ed è stata effettuata una analisi dell’espressione genica focalizzata sul sistema nervoso utilizzando D. melanogaster come modello. I geni target di cui è stata valutata l’espressione sono AChE, Gabat, Tbh, ADH, AANAT, GstS1, Mgstl e Vha68-2, riportati in letteratura come geni comunemente coinvolti nel sistema nervoso. Si è valutata anche l’espressione dei geni Cyp6a2, Cyp6a8, Cyp6a19, Cyp6a23, Cyp6g1, Cyp6g2, Cyp6t3 e Cyp12d1 che sono riportati in letteratura come geni afferenti al sistema CP450, il quale è coinvolto nei processi di detossificazione e resistenza agli insetticidi. L’analisi dell’espressione genica ha evidenziato che l’OE di anice causava un’azione inibitoria sia sul sistema dell’acetilcolina che dell’octopamina, mentre l’OE di aglio non determinava una chiara azione diretta sui principali enzimi del sistema nervoso; probabilmente, la tossicità riscontrata era da imputare ad un’azione allosterica che interagisce con il sistema dell’acetilcolina. I risultati del presente studio sono promettenti poiché le formulazioni hanno mostrato una buona attività insetticida anche a bassissime concentrazioni di olio essenziale. Questo studio ha fornito informazioni utili anche riguardo i meccanismi di azione di questi OE, sebbene ulteriori approfondimenti siano necessari per comprendere e identificare chiaramente i siti target dei due oli essenziali selezionati.

Formulation and testing of innovative essential oil-based nano-insecticides against storred product pests / Palermo, Davide. - (2021 Oct 18).

Formulation and testing of innovative essential oil-based nano-insecticides against storred product pests

Palermo Davide
2021-10-18

Abstract

ABSTRACT In Italy, the legislation regulating the use of synthetic pesticides has become more stringent in recent years with the consequent banning of several active ingredients. In the agro-food sector, pesticides are commonly used also within the food industries and, thus, they can potentially contaminate food. For these reasons, it is important to find new eco-friendly pest control tools. Among the proposed new tools, essential oils (EOs) have been widely studied for their recognized antimicrobial, insecticide, antioxidant and antifungal activity. Essential oils can be a viable alternative to synthetic pesticides due to their reasonable cost and general wide availability. It is not easy to handle and store EOs because they are easily subject to oxidative processes and they are thermosensitive; in this scenario, the present PhD thesis has focused on developing EO-based nanoemulsions to increase their insecticidal activity and to make the final formulations more user-friendly. Eight EOs have been selected and their chemical composition has been characterized by GC-MS analysis. Subsequently, the nano-insecticides were formulated using the spontaneous emulsification process of oils in water, assisted by a surfactant. To further reduce the size of the lipidic micelles, an ultrasonic homogenizer was used. The insecticidal effectiveness and the repellent action of the developed nanoformulations have been evaluated against Tribolium confusum, a cosmopolitan pest of milling industry. The toxicity against adult beetles has been verified by applying EOs as cold aerosol inside plexiglass boxes connected to an Air Delivery System. To assess the repellence of the nanoformulations, a sodium polyacrylate-based gel was developed to convey and gradually release the volatile constituent of the EOs and prolong their effectiveness toward adult T. confusum. Toxicity tests were also performed on Drosophila melanogaster, a model pest damaging fruit in post-harvest, administering the nanoformulations to adult flies as fumigants in hermetically sealed arenas. Results from the trials highlighted that, among the eight developed EO-based nanoformulations, the most promising were the garlic and anise-based nanoemulsions, which can cause high toxicity and repellence against both D. melanogaster and T. confusum. To understand the mechanisms regulating the insecticidal activity, the most promising EO nanoformulations were selected and a gene expression analysis focused on the nervous system was performed on D. melanogaster. The target genes whose expression was evaluated were AChE, Gabat, Tbh, ADH, AANAT, GstS1, Mgstl and Vha68-2, which were reported in the literature as genes commonly involved in the nervous system. The expression of the genes Cyp6a2, Cyp6a8, Cyp6a19, Cyp6a23, Cyp6g1, Cyp6g2, Cyp6t3 and Cyp12d1 was also evaluated; according to literature, these genes, afferent to the CP450 system, are involved in detoxification and resistance to insecticides. The analysis of gene expression demonstrated that anise EO inhibited both the acetylcholine and octopamine systems, while garlic EO of garlic did not directly affect the main enzymes related to the nervous system, although its toxicity is probably due to an interaction with the acetylcholine system through an allosteric action. The results of the present study are promising because the insecticidal activity of EO-based nanoformulations has been proved even at very low concentrations. Furthermore, useful information about the mechanism of action of these EOs have been provided, although further investigation is needed to definitely identify the target sites of the two best performing essential oils.
18-ott-2021
Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE
Settore AGR/11 - ENTOMOLOGIA GENERALE E APPLICATA
SCHENA, Leonardo
PALMERI, Vincenzo
POIANA, MARCO
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/111582
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