Plants are exposed to both biotic and abiotic stresses of various origin and nature. Among biotic stresses, infections by fungal pathogens are particularly relevant while the main abiotic stress factors include pollutants. Of the latter, synthetic chemical pesticides play a remarkable role because of their organic residues as well as inorganic toxic molecules, such as heavy metals. Species of Trichoderma are well known as biocontrol agents of fungal plant pathogens and have also been recognized as a potential source of bioactive metabolites. These metabolites can have antimicrobial properties and be useful in the control of the plant pathogens. Moreover, being produced naturally by a microorganism, they are easily degradable and environmentally friendly, which makes them a valid alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides. Some Trichoderma species have been studied for their ability to grow in the presence of heavy metals and absorb them without any toxic effect. Two selected strains, T. atroviride (TS) and T. asperellum (IMI 393899), were used throughout this study with the following objectives: i) to evaluate their antagonistic ability against the pathogen oomycete Phytophthora nicotianae in the presence of a heavy metal (cadmium) and thus their ability to protect the plant from both stresses (biotic and abiotic); ii) to investigate their ability to produce antimicrobial substances in liquid culture and test the inhibitory activity of these metabolites against different fungal and oomycete plant pathogens; iii) to determine the active concentration of these metabolites on different plant matrices inoculated with mycotoxigenic fungi. The antagonistic ability of the two selected strains of Trichoderma in the presence of cadmium (Cd) was tested in vitro using the dual culture assay and in vivo in tomato plants. The Trichoderma genes activated by the presence of heavy metals were identified and their expression was quantitatively determined by RT-qPCR. The bioactivity of culture filtrates from 10- and 30-days-old cultures extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) was evaluated in vitro against several pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Culture filtrates were analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-Q-TOF-MS for the identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non-volatile organic compounds (nVOCs). Bioactive metabolites produced in vitro by the two selected strains of Trichoderma were tested on tomato fruits (inoculated with Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum), corn kernels (inoculated with Aspergillus flavus) and wheat kernels (inoculated with Penicillium verrucosum). Three concentrations of each metabolite were tested and the minimum dose was MFC. The effects of in vivo treatments were evaluated in terms of shelf-life of these three different plant matrices and reduction of mycotoxins produced by these fungi. In vitro, the inhibitory effect of Cd on Trichoderma spp. growth was low. Trichoderma was able to inhibit the presence of Phytophthora both in presence and absence of Cd. In vivo, Trichoderma showed no significant plant protection effects against Phytophthora in the presence and absence of Cd. The results were confirmed by the analysis of the expression of genes, which were not significantly over-expressed. Conversely significant results were obtained in the test of active metabolites extracted from culture filtrates of the two selected strains of Trichoderma. The extracts from 30-day-old cultures of both strains showed significant cytotoxic effects on the pathogens under study, with minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values between 0.19 and 6.25 mg/mL. It was also demonstrated the ability of these metabolites to inhibit the growth of mycotoxigenic pathogens. Overall, these results indicate that these two selected Trichoderma strains have antagonistic activity against fungus and oomycete plant pathogens and are a potential natural source of compounds with biological activity

Le piante sono esposte a stress biotici e abiotici di varia origine e natura. Tra gli stress biotici sono particolarmente rilevanti gli attacchi di agenti patogeni fungini. Tra i fattori abiotici, gli inquinanti sono una importante fonte di stress e tra questi quelli derivanti dall’uso di agrofarmaci chimici di sintesi, che contengono come residui sostanze tossiche organiche e inorganiche, quali ad esempio i metalli pesanti. Questi composti tossici (xenobiotici) possono avere effetti nocivi sull’ambiente con possibili conseguenze per la vita degli esseri viventi, compresi gli esseri umani. Le specie Trichoderma sono note come agenti di biocontrollo di patogeni fungini delle piante, ma di recente sono stati studiati anche come potenziale fonte di metaboliti bioattivi, dotati di proprietà antimicrobiche, che possono essere utili nel controllo di agenti patogeni delle piante. Inoltre, essendo metaboliti prodotti da microrganismi, cioè di origine naturale, sono facilmente degradabili ed ecocompatibili, il che li rende una valida alternativa ai pesticidi chimici di sintesi. Alcune specie di Trichoderma, infine, sono state studiate per la loro capacità di crescere in presenza di metalli pesanti e di assorbirli senza subirne gli effetti tossici. In questa tesi sono stati studiati due ceppi selezionati di T. atroviride (TS) e T. asperellum (IMI 393899), con i seguenti obiettivi: i) valutarne la proprietà antagonista nei confronti dell'oomicete patogeno Phytophthora nicotianae in presenza di un metallo pesante (cadmio) e la capacità di proteggere la pianta da stress biotici e abiotici; ii) accertare la loro capacità di produrre metaboliti con attività antimicrobica in coltura liquida e saggiare l’attività inibitoria di questi metaboliti contro diversi funghi e oomiceti patogeni di piante agrarie e forestali; iii) determinare la dose efficace di questi metaboliti su diverse matrici vegetali inoculate con funghi micotossigeni. La proprietà antagonista dei due ceppi di Trichoderma in presenza di cadmio (Cd) è stata saggiata in vitro in coltura duale e in vivo su piante di pomodoro. Sono stati individuati i geni di Trichoderma coinvolti nell’interazione con i metalli pesanti e la loro attività è stata determinata quantitativamente mediante RT-qPCR. È stata determinata la bioattività del filtrato colturale dei due ceppi in colture di 10 e 30 giorni. L’estrazione è stata effettuata con acetato di etile (EtOAc). L’attività è stata valutata in vitro nei confronti una serie di funghi e oomiceti patogeni, determinando la minima concentrazione inibitoria (MIC) e la minima concentrazione fungicida (MFC). I filtrati colturali sono stati analizzati con GC-MS e HPLC-Q-TOF-MS per l'identificazione dei composti organici volatili (COV) e non volatili (nVOC). I metaboliti bioattivi prodotti in coltura liquida dai due ceppi di Trichoderma sono stati saggiati su frutti di pomodoro (inoculati con Fusarium verticillioides e Fusarium graminearum), cariossidi di mais (inoculate con Aspergillus flavus) e cariossidi di frumento (inoculate con Penicillium verrucosum). Sono state saggiate tre concentrazioni di ciascun estratto: la concentrazione minima utilizzata per ciascun metabolita è stata la MFC. È stato valutato l’effetto del trattamento sulla durata di conservazione delle tre matrici vegetali e l’eventuale riduzione della presenza di micotossine prodotte da questi funghi. In vitro, l’effetto inibitorio del Cd sulla crescita di Trichoderma spp. è stato basso. Trichoderma è stato in grado di inibire Phytophthora sia in presenza che in assenza di Cd. In vivo, Trichoderma non ha mostrato effetti rilevanti di protezione delle piante nei confronti di Phytophthora sia in presenza che in assenza di Cd. I risultati sono stati confermati dall'analisi dell'espressione genica, che non ha mostrato una over-espressione dei geni presi in esame. Risultati significativi sono stati ottenuti nel saggio dei metaboliti bioattivi prodotti dai due ceppi di Trichoderma. Gli estratti di colture di 30 giorni di entrambi i ceppi hanno mostrato effetti citotossici significativi contro gli agenti patogeni utilizzati nei saggi, con valori minimi di concentrazione fungicida (MFC) tra 0,19 e 6,25 mg/mL. Anche in vivo questi metaboliti hanno mostrato un’attività inibitoria significativa sui patogeni micotossigeni. I risultati complessivamente indicano che questi ceppi di Trichoderma hanno un'attività antagonista nei confronti di funghi e oomiceti patogeni delle piante e sono potenziali fonti naturali di composti con attività biologica.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of eco-friendly substances and microbial antagonists against fungal pathogens of agricultural crops and forest plants / Stracquadanio, Claudia. - (2021 Oct 18).

Evaluation of the effectiveness of eco-friendly substances and microbial antagonists against fungal pathogens of agricultural crops and forest plants

Stracquadanio Claudia
2021-10-18

Abstract

Plants are exposed to both biotic and abiotic stresses of various origin and nature. Among biotic stresses, infections by fungal pathogens are particularly relevant while the main abiotic stress factors include pollutants. Of the latter, synthetic chemical pesticides play a remarkable role because of their organic residues as well as inorganic toxic molecules, such as heavy metals. Species of Trichoderma are well known as biocontrol agents of fungal plant pathogens and have also been recognized as a potential source of bioactive metabolites. These metabolites can have antimicrobial properties and be useful in the control of the plant pathogens. Moreover, being produced naturally by a microorganism, they are easily degradable and environmentally friendly, which makes them a valid alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides. Some Trichoderma species have been studied for their ability to grow in the presence of heavy metals and absorb them without any toxic effect. Two selected strains, T. atroviride (TS) and T. asperellum (IMI 393899), were used throughout this study with the following objectives: i) to evaluate their antagonistic ability against the pathogen oomycete Phytophthora nicotianae in the presence of a heavy metal (cadmium) and thus their ability to protect the plant from both stresses (biotic and abiotic); ii) to investigate their ability to produce antimicrobial substances in liquid culture and test the inhibitory activity of these metabolites against different fungal and oomycete plant pathogens; iii) to determine the active concentration of these metabolites on different plant matrices inoculated with mycotoxigenic fungi. The antagonistic ability of the two selected strains of Trichoderma in the presence of cadmium (Cd) was tested in vitro using the dual culture assay and in vivo in tomato plants. The Trichoderma genes activated by the presence of heavy metals were identified and their expression was quantitatively determined by RT-qPCR. The bioactivity of culture filtrates from 10- and 30-days-old cultures extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) was evaluated in vitro against several pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Culture filtrates were analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-Q-TOF-MS for the identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non-volatile organic compounds (nVOCs). Bioactive metabolites produced in vitro by the two selected strains of Trichoderma were tested on tomato fruits (inoculated with Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum), corn kernels (inoculated with Aspergillus flavus) and wheat kernels (inoculated with Penicillium verrucosum). Three concentrations of each metabolite were tested and the minimum dose was MFC. The effects of in vivo treatments were evaluated in terms of shelf-life of these three different plant matrices and reduction of mycotoxins produced by these fungi. In vitro, the inhibitory effect of Cd on Trichoderma spp. growth was low. Trichoderma was able to inhibit the presence of Phytophthora both in presence and absence of Cd. In vivo, Trichoderma showed no significant plant protection effects against Phytophthora in the presence and absence of Cd. The results were confirmed by the analysis of the expression of genes, which were not significantly over-expressed. Conversely significant results were obtained in the test of active metabolites extracted from culture filtrates of the two selected strains of Trichoderma. The extracts from 30-day-old cultures of both strains showed significant cytotoxic effects on the pathogens under study, with minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values between 0.19 and 6.25 mg/mL. It was also demonstrated the ability of these metabolites to inhibit the growth of mycotoxigenic pathogens. Overall, these results indicate that these two selected Trichoderma strains have antagonistic activity against fungus and oomycete plant pathogens and are a potential natural source of compounds with biological activity
18-ott-2021
Settore AGR/12 - Patologia Vegetale
MAGNANO DI SAN LIO, Gaetano
POIANA, MARCO
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/111627
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