The subject matter of the project is based oon the analysis of the organized crime and, in particolar, on the structural-organizational element, that it’s important fort the constitution of the case, highlighting its intrinsic and extrinsic structure. Dealing with the issue of the mafia association, as described by the article 416 bis og the Criminal Code, we refer to areas that have always been questioned for the peculiarità of application, such as for example, the mafia method and the organizational element. The mafia method, in particolar, is characterized by the use of three elements: the forse of intimidation, subjugation and the silence that derive from it. On the contrary, the organizational element is essential for the configuration of the case, but it is not at all mentioned in the article, even if it contributes to the determination of the punishability and it is closely linked to the complexity of the association program. This is, therefore, the starting point for the discussion, in order to clearly outline the case and its structure because still today, perhaps, they are not yet clear with renard to the field of application. The survey starts from the analysis of the historical and sociological evolution of the law/norm, introduced to repress situations of apparent lawfulness. The aim of the research is to highlight, thanks to the numerous sources, not only historical but also doctrinal and jurisprudential, the key element placed at the basis of the constitution of any criminal group. In outlining the model, in fact, the legislator has sought to distinguish the traditional mafia associations from the common criminal associations and from the nex phenomenon of the silent mafia. Currently, the term “mafia” refers to an association based criminal structure with a high organization, endowed with aggression and violence. Mafia organizations have a dynamic structure, they are constantly evolving and, for this reason, it is not possible to look for a single model of action or contrast. The analysis of the article 416 bis of the Criminal Code, which has been read in the light of the numerous cases, has also made possible to clarify this issue. The problem of the effective use of the mafia method is found in the context of the new mafias, in relation to the organizational structural element. The organizational element of the structure, constantly questioned by several authors, has contributed to the changes that crime has undergone over time, both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view, such that it takes on an increasingly complex and organized dimension. However, the fundamental and determinino element of any criminal group has always been the organizational element, as a compass not only for the interpreter but also for the legislator to enhance this requirement in case of any interpretative doubt. The leitmotiv of the work is, therefore, to emphasize this element which has always offered divergent and interpretative opinions and solutions but, at the same time, it has enabled the legislator and the interpreter to find a certain level of stability and structuring within the mafia groups. The main issue concerns the identification of the elements that characterize the modus operandi of mafia groups that pursue illicit objectives in order to carry out their criminal programm. The debate, doctrinal and not only, focuses on the framing of the case understood, on one hand, as a pure associative crime that, due to its configuration, considers sufficient the organizational requirement and a criminal programm and, on the other hand, as a mixed structure crime that requie a quid pluris, or the use of intimidating force. This project analyzes, in detail, the doctrinal and jurisprudential guidelines that have marked the transformation of the mafia-type associative case, from an association for simple delinquency into a mafia-type association, or when the group makes use of the autonomous intimidation charge to achieve its aims. The project is therefore dealt with both at the normative and sociological level, due to the characteristics and peculiarities of the new criminal groups. Attention is also paid to the ongoing problem concerning the institution of the eventual competition in the associative case which raised numerous doubts about its configurability. The institute has repeatedly involved the United Sections of the Court of Cassation in order to clarify the scope of application and its limits just to a problematic case. In fact, there have been lots of pronouncements on the relating topic also to the difficult distinction between intraneus and extraneus subject to the organization.

L’argomento oggetto di tesi si basa sull’analisi del fenomeno della criminalità organizzata e, in particolare, sull’elemento strutturale- organizzativo, fondamentale per la costituzione della fattispecie, evidenziandone la struttura intrinseca ed estrinseca. Quando si affronta il tema dell’associazione mafiosa, così come descritto dall’art. 416 bis c.p., si fa riferimento ad ambiti messi, da sempre, in discussione, in ragione della peculiarità applicativa, quali, ad esempio, il metodo mafioso e l’elemento organizzativo. Il metodo mafioso, nello specifico, è caratterizzato dal ricorso a tre elementi: la forza di intimidazione, l’assoggettamento e l’omertà che ne derivano. L’elemento organizzativo, invece, indispensabile per configurazione della fattispecie, non viene affatto menzionato nell’articolo anche se concorre alla determinazione della punibilità e risulta essere strettamente legato alla complessità del programma associativo. È questo, dunque, il punto di partenza per la trattazione, al fine di delineare con chiarezza la fattispecie e la sua struttura, ancora oggi, forse, poco delineate in merito all’ambito applicativo. L’indagine prende avvio dall’analisi dell’evoluzione storica e sociologica della norma, introdotta per reprimere situazioni di apparente liceità. Obiettivo della ricerca è stato quello di evidenziare, grazie alle numerose fonti, non solo storiche ma, anche, dottrinali e giurisprudenziali, l’elemento chiave posto alla base della costituzione di ogni gruppo criminale. Il legislatore, nel delineare il modello, infatti, ha cercato di distinguere i tradizionali sodalizi mafiosi dalle comuni associazioni per delinquere e, oggi, dal nuovo fenomeno della mafia silente. Attualmente, il termine mafia fa riferimento ad una struttura criminale a base associativa, con una elevata organizzazione e dotata di aggressività e violenza. Le organizzazioni mafiose hanno una struttura dinamica, sono in continua evoluzione e, per questo, non è possibile ricercare un unico modello di azioni o di contrasto. L’analisi dell’art. 416 bis del codice penale, letto alla luce dei numerosi interventi giurisprudenziali, ha consentito di fare chiarezza anche su questo aspetto. Il problema dell’effettivo utilizzo del metodo mafioso si riscontra nell’ambito delle nuove mafie, in relazione all’elemento strutturale organizzativo. L’elemento organizzativo della struttura, messo continuamente in discussione da diversi autori, ha contribuito ai cambiamenti che la criminalità ha subito nel corso tempo, sia dal punto di vista qualitativo che quantitativo, tali da farle assumere una dimensione sempre più complessa ed organizzata. Tuttavia, l’elemento fondamentale e determinante di ogni gruppo criminale è sempre stato l’elemento organizzativo, quale bussola non solo per l’interprete ma, anche, per il legislatore per valorizzare tale requisito di fronte a qualsiasi dubbio interpretativo. Il filo conduttore del lavoro è, dunque, mettere in risalto tale elemento che, da sempre, offre opinioni e soluzioni interpretative divergenti ma che, al tempo stesso, ha permesso al legislatore ed all’interprete di riscontrare un certo livello di stabilità e strutturazione all’interno dei gruppi mafiosi. La questione principale riguarda l’individuazione degli elementi che caratterizzano il modus operandi dei gruppi mafiosi che perseguono obiettivi illeciti per realizzare il proprio programma criminoso. Il dibattito, dottrinale e non solo, si sofferma sull’inquadramento della fattispecie intesa, per un verso, come un reato associativo puro che, per la sua configurazione, ritiene sufficiente il requisito organizzativo ed un programma criminoso e, per un altro, come un delitto a struttura mista che richiede un quid pluris, ovvero l’avvalersi della forza intimidatrice. La tesi analizza, nel dettaglio, gli orientamenti dottrinali e giurisprudenziali che hanno segnato la trasformazione della fattispecie associativa di stampo mafioso, da associazione per delinquere semplice in associazione di tipo mafioso, ovvero quando il gruppo si avvale della carica intimidatoria autonoma per raggiungere i propri scopi. Il lavoro viene, dunque, affrontato sia a livello normativo che sul piano sociologico, in ragione dei caratteri e delle peculiarità dei nuovi gruppi criminali. Viene attenzionata, anche, l’annosa problematica riguardante l’istituto del concorso eventuale nella fattispecie associativa che, inizialmente, ha sollevato numerosi dubbi in merito alla sua configurabilità. L’istituto ha, infatti, più volte interessato le Sezioni Unite della Corte di Cassazione al fine di chiarire l’ambito applicativo ed i suoi limiti ad una fattispecie già problematica. Molte sono state, infatti, le pronunce sul tema attinenti, anche, alla difficile distinzione tra soggetto intraneus e soggetto extraneus all’organizzazione.

Il reato di associazione mafiosa: analisi criminologica, sociologica e normativa dell’organizzazione / Lanzillotto, Erika. - (2021 Oct 25).

Il reato di associazione mafiosa: analisi criminologica, sociologica e normativa dell’organizzazione

2021-10-25

Abstract

The subject matter of the project is based oon the analysis of the organized crime and, in particolar, on the structural-organizational element, that it’s important fort the constitution of the case, highlighting its intrinsic and extrinsic structure. Dealing with the issue of the mafia association, as described by the article 416 bis og the Criminal Code, we refer to areas that have always been questioned for the peculiarità of application, such as for example, the mafia method and the organizational element. The mafia method, in particolar, is characterized by the use of three elements: the forse of intimidation, subjugation and the silence that derive from it. On the contrary, the organizational element is essential for the configuration of the case, but it is not at all mentioned in the article, even if it contributes to the determination of the punishability and it is closely linked to the complexity of the association program. This is, therefore, the starting point for the discussion, in order to clearly outline the case and its structure because still today, perhaps, they are not yet clear with renard to the field of application. The survey starts from the analysis of the historical and sociological evolution of the law/norm, introduced to repress situations of apparent lawfulness. The aim of the research is to highlight, thanks to the numerous sources, not only historical but also doctrinal and jurisprudential, the key element placed at the basis of the constitution of any criminal group. In outlining the model, in fact, the legislator has sought to distinguish the traditional mafia associations from the common criminal associations and from the nex phenomenon of the silent mafia. Currently, the term “mafia” refers to an association based criminal structure with a high organization, endowed with aggression and violence. Mafia organizations have a dynamic structure, they are constantly evolving and, for this reason, it is not possible to look for a single model of action or contrast. The analysis of the article 416 bis of the Criminal Code, which has been read in the light of the numerous cases, has also made possible to clarify this issue. The problem of the effective use of the mafia method is found in the context of the new mafias, in relation to the organizational structural element. The organizational element of the structure, constantly questioned by several authors, has contributed to the changes that crime has undergone over time, both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view, such that it takes on an increasingly complex and organized dimension. However, the fundamental and determinino element of any criminal group has always been the organizational element, as a compass not only for the interpreter but also for the legislator to enhance this requirement in case of any interpretative doubt. The leitmotiv of the work is, therefore, to emphasize this element which has always offered divergent and interpretative opinions and solutions but, at the same time, it has enabled the legislator and the interpreter to find a certain level of stability and structuring within the mafia groups. The main issue concerns the identification of the elements that characterize the modus operandi of mafia groups that pursue illicit objectives in order to carry out their criminal programm. The debate, doctrinal and not only, focuses on the framing of the case understood, on one hand, as a pure associative crime that, due to its configuration, considers sufficient the organizational requirement and a criminal programm and, on the other hand, as a mixed structure crime that requie a quid pluris, or the use of intimidating force. This project analyzes, in detail, the doctrinal and jurisprudential guidelines that have marked the transformation of the mafia-type associative case, from an association for simple delinquency into a mafia-type association, or when the group makes use of the autonomous intimidation charge to achieve its aims. The project is therefore dealt with both at the normative and sociological level, due to the characteristics and peculiarities of the new criminal groups. Attention is also paid to the ongoing problem concerning the institution of the eventual competition in the associative case which raised numerous doubts about its configurability. The institute has repeatedly involved the United Sections of the Court of Cassation in order to clarify the scope of application and its limits just to a problematic case. In fact, there have been lots of pronouncements on the relating topic also to the difficult distinction between intraneus and extraneus subject to the organization.
25-ott-2021
Settore IUS/17 - DIRITTO PENALE
D'ASCOLA, Vincenzo Mario Domenico
SELVAGGI, Nicola
SALAZAR, Carmela Maria Giustina
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/111899
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