The main topic of my research is to study public space and its role in the processes of social inclusion of migrants and people with migration background, through the lens of social innovation. This research follows the approach of Moulaert et al. (2005), who argued that social innovation (SI) has "three core dimensions: a) the satisfaction of human needs (content dimension); b) changes in social relations, especially with regard to governance (process dimension); and c) an increase in the socio-political capability and access to resources (empowerment dimension)". Applying the above definition to the subject under investigation, the emerging question will be: which practices and processes that happen in urban public spaces can be defined social innovative, means that they have as ultimate aim the satisfaction of human needs, bring positive changes in social relations, and help people involved to increase their socio-political capability and access to resources? A space to be defined as "public" must be accessible to anyone, this is the feature mentioned in every definition that literature refers to. It must also be able to allow access to the existing services, for example in an urban park each user must be able to use the functions present inside, depending on personal needs or preferences. In the public space, the satisfaction of human needs takes place in different ways, both through activities that are generally defined as "daily", and through activities considered "leisure and pleasure", and not only. Since the satisfaction of human needs also passes through the affirmation of the self and making oneself visible in space, the ability of individuals to appropriate a certain space becomes significant to the extent that it corresponds to the possibility of being seen, making one's voice heard; it becomes satisfying the inner need to be recognized as a human being, the manifestation of the right to have access to resources, goods and services that can guarantee a better quality of life. Thus described, public space is no longer just a physical place but is characterized as a dimension of expression and affirmation of the "self". It follows that space is defined by an individual experience related to the "other", where "other" means human and inhuman (the surrounding environment). If space is the result of this experience, what happens in public space is the encounter of different "selves" who experience a certain place in relation to other "selves"; reporting Young's words: “in public spaces one always risks encountering those who are different, those who identify with different groups and have different opinions or different forms of life”. Depending on the conditions in which it occurs, this encounter can bring positive effects, mitigating physical and cultural differences and making way for a sense of communion, or it can be negative, amplifying these differences and leading to internal and external tensions of the individual. The analysis of relational dynamics in public space will help to show how the latter plays a fundamental role in multiethnic communities, stimulating positive changes in human behaviour, increasing physical and mental well-being and quality of life (livability), fostering culture mixing and social inclusion. The main objective is to demonstrate that public space not only helps in urban transformation processes but also is able to respond to the needs of a modern diverse society (different ages, gender, sex, ethnicity, social status, level of education), promoting culture diversity and solidarity, through services and facilities. In this way, public spaces become the arena of innovative practices and activities aimed to social inclusion and respect for cultural differences, as well as a place for the development of a sense of belonging and a tool to educate people to sustainable development principles. To give greater relevance to the issues listed above, the analysis will focus on migrants and their relationship with urban public space, especially public spaces in neighbourhood emerging from social housing estate. Several studies, among which I mention those conducted by 2 important international newspapers - The Guardian and Le Monde - show that migrants often, despite living and working in a specific city, knowing streets, squares, places and interacting with the urban environment in different ways, they continue to feel like "guests", a number in a list rather than part of society. This feeling is generated by multiple factors, one of which is the difficulty in participating in the decision-making process. In fact, several studies conducted in this field show that only a small part of the newcomers manages to be involved in decisions concerning the politic and economic sphere or simply to make their voices heard; and even when it happens, it is often mediated through local associations or communities. The latter take charge of the requests of these "minorities" and report them to the city administrations, asking for concrete actions or proposing solutions themselves, in some cases innovative. It should be remembered that any action, plan or program should consider the needs of the host community, which must have a leading role in the decision-making process, to avoid the onset of tensions. In this work we want to put in the spotlight the so-called newcomers, those who leave their land to go to another State searching for job and better living conditions. Whether we are talking about refugees, migrants arriving from third countries or economic migrants, what these people have in common is the search for psychophysical well-being, economic tranquillity and professional recognition, exactly what every human being wishes to achieve in his own life. Who arrives in a foreign country, most of the time doesn't speak the language, doesn't know the city, has neither a job (except for economic migrants) nor a home and doesn't have a network of social relations. Although free, these people are like “prisoner” of a political, economic and socio-cultural context in which they don't know how to move. Understanding this perspective, it becomes clear how integration and social inclusion are urgent issues awaiting answers that, to be effective, must be the result of teamwork between politics, social services, cultural mediators, NGOs. All the involved institutional bodies and stakeholders should approach the problem with a broad, multidisciplinary and interconnected vision, able to respond to the needs of migrants, without incurring economic or social costs for welcoming States. At European level, one of the strategies set is the Europe 2020 (part of the bigger Agenda 2030) in which, among other goals, propose actions to fight social exclusion and to achieve inclusive growth. In July 2011, the Commission proposed a “European agenda for the integration of third-country nationals”, focusing on actions to increase economic, social, cultural and political participation by migrants and emphasizing local action. Although the intentions are good, all these policies are linked only to socio-economic issues. The ability to negotiate between all the actors involved is a key element for the success of any social inclusion strategy.
Il tema principale della mia ricerca è lo studio dello spazio pubblico e del suo ruolo nei processi di inclusione sociale dei migranti e delle persone con background migratorio, attraverso la lente dell'innovazione sociale. Nella mia ricerca ho seguito l'approccio di Moulaert et al. (2005), che ha sostenuto che l'innovazione sociale (SI) ha "tre dimensioni fondamentali: a) la soddisfazione dei bisogni umani (dimensione del contenuto); b) i cambiamenti nelle relazioni sociali, in particolare per quanto riguarda la governance (dimensione del processo); e c) un aumento della capacità sociopolitica e dell'accesso alle risorse (dimensione dell'empowerment)”. Applicando la definizione di cui sopra al soggetto in esame, la domanda principale sarà: quali pratiche e processi che avvengono negli spazi pubblici urbani possono essere definiti social innovativi, significa che hanno come fine ultimo la soddisfazione dei bisogni umani, portare cambiamenti positivi nel sociale relazioni e aiutare le persone coinvolte ad aumentare la loro capacità sociopolitica e l'accesso alle risorse? Uno spazio per definirsi "pubblico" deve essere accessibile a chiunque, questa è la caratteristica citata in ogni definizione cui la letteratura fa riferimento. Deve inoltre poter consentire l'accesso ai servizi esistenti, ad esempio in un parco urbano ogni utente deve poter usufruire delle funzioni presenti al suo interno, a seconda delle esigenze o preferenze personali. Nello spazio pubblico, la soddisfazione dei bisogni umani avviene in modi diversi, sia attraverso attività generalmente definite "quotidiane", sia attraverso attività considerate "svago e piacere", e non solo. Poiché la soddisfazione dei bisogni umani passa anche attraverso l'affermazione di sé e il rendersi visibili nello spazio, la capacità degli individui di appropriarsi di un certo spazio diventa significativa nella misura in cui corrisponde alla possibilità di essere visti, di far sentire la propria voce; diventa soddisfazione del sacrosanto bisogno di essere riconosciuto come essere umano, manifestazione del diritto ad avere accesso a risorse, beni e servizi che possono garantire una migliore qualità della vita. Così descritto, lo spazio pubblico non è più solo un luogo fisico ma si caratterizza come dimensione di espressione e affermazione del "sé". Ne consegue che lo spazio è definito da un'esperienza individuale relativa all'"altro", dove "altro" significa umano e disumano (l'ambiente circostante). Se lo spazio è il risultato di questa esperienza, quello che avviene nello spazio pubblico è l'incontro di diversi "sé" che vivono un certo luogo in relazione ad altri "sé"; riportando le parole di Young: “negli spazi pubblici si rischia sempre di incontrare chi è diverso, chi si identifica in gruppi diversi e ha opinioni diverse o forme di vita diverse”. A seconda delle condizioni in cui avviene, questo incontro può portare effetti positivi, attenuando le differenze fisiche e culturali e lasciando spazio al senso di comunione, oppure può essere negativo, amplificando queste differenze e portando a tensioni interne ed esterne dell'individuo. L'analisi delle dinamiche relazionali nello spazio pubblico aiuterà a mostrare come quest'ultimo svolga un ruolo fondamentale nelle comunità multietniche, stimolando cambiamenti positivi nei comportamenti umani, aumentando il benessere fisico e mentale e la qualità della vita (vivibilità), favorendo la mescolanza culturale e sociale inclusione. L'obiettivo principale è dimostrare che lo spazio pubblico non solo aiuta nei processi di trasformazione urbana, ma è anche in grado di rispondere ai bisogni di una società moderna e diversificata (diverse età, genere, sesso, etnia, stato sociale, livello di istruzione), promuovendo la cultura diversità e solidarietà, attraverso servizi e strutture. Gli spazi pubblici diventano così l'arena di pratiche e attività innovative volte all'inclusione sociale e al rispetto delle differenze culturali, nonché luogo per lo sviluppo del senso di appartenenza e strumento per educare le persone ai principi dello sviluppo sostenibile. Per dare maggiore rilevanza ai temi sopra elencati, l'analisi si concentrerà sui migranti e sul loro rapporto con lo spazio pubblico urbano, in particolare gli spazi pubblici di quartiere emergenti da edilizia popolare. Diversi studi, tra cui cito quelli condotti da 2 importanti testate internazionali - The Guardian e Le Monde - mostrano che i migranti spesso, pur vivendo e lavorando in una determinata città, conoscono strade, piazze, luoghi e interagiscono con l'ambiente urbano in modi diversi, continuano a sentirsi "ospiti", un numero in una lista piuttosto che parte della società. Questa sensazione è generata da molteplici fattori, uno dei quali è la difficoltà a partecipare al processo decisionale. Infatti, diversi studi condotti in questo campo mostrano che solo una piccola parte dei nuovi arrivati riesce a essere coinvolta in decisioni che riguardano la sfera politica ed economica o semplicemente a far sentire la propria voce; e anche quando accade, è spesso mediato da associazioni o comunità locali. Questi ultimi si fanno carico delle istanze di queste “minoranze” e le segnalano alle amministrazioni cittadine, chiedendo azioni concrete o proponendo esse stesse soluzioni, in alcuni casi innovative. Va ricordato che qualsiasi azione, piano o programma deve tenere conto delle esigenze della comunità ospitante, che deve avere un ruolo di primo piano nel processo decisionale, per evitare l'insorgere di tensioni. In questo lavoro vogliamo mettere in luce i cosiddetti newcomers, coloro che lasciano la propria terra per andare in un altro Stato in cerca di lavoro e migliori condizioni di vita. Che si tratti di rifugiati, migranti in arrivo da paesi terzi o migranti economici, ciò che accomuna queste persone è la ricerca del benessere psicofisico, della tranquillità economica e del riconoscimento professionale, esattamente ciò che ogni essere umano desidera realizzare nella propria vita. Chi arriva in un paese straniero, il più delle volte non parla la lingua, non conosce la città, non ha né un lavoro (tranne i migranti economici) né una casa e non ha una rete di relazioni sociali. Pur essendo libere, queste persone sono come “prigioniere” di un contesto politico, economico e socioculturale in cui non sanno muoversi. Comprendendo questa prospettiva, diventa chiaro come l'integrazione e l'inclusione sociale siano questioni urgenti in attesa di risposte che, per essere efficaci, devono essere il risultato di un lavoro di squadra tra politica, servizi sociali, mediatori culturali, ONG. Tutti gli organismi istituzionali e gli stakeholders coinvolti dovrebbero affrontare il problema con una visione ampia, multidisciplinare e interconnessa, in grado di rispondere ai bisogni dei migranti, senza incorrere in costi economici o sociali per gli Stati di accoglienza. A livello europeo, una delle strategie impostate è Europa 2020 (parte della più ampia Agenda 2030) in cui, tra gli altri obiettivi, proporre azioni per combattere l'esclusione sociale e raggiungere una crescita inclusiva. Nel luglio 2011 la Commissione ha proposto un'"agenda europea per l'integrazione dei cittadini di paesi terzi", concentrandosi su azioni volte ad aumentare la partecipazione economica, sociale, culturale e politica dei migranti e ponendo l'accento sull'azione locale. Sebbene le intenzioni siano buone, tutte queste politiche sono legate solo a questioni socioeconomiche. La capacità di negoziare tra tutti gli attori coinvolti è un elemento chiave per il successo di qualsiasi strategia di inclusione sociale.
Inclusive cities for migrant and people with migration background: social innovative policies and practices in public spaces of social housing estate. The flemish cases of Mechelen and Aalst, Belgium / Polimeni, Martina. - (2021 Nov 08).
Inclusive cities for migrant and people with migration background: social innovative policies and practices in public spaces of social housing estate. The flemish cases of Mechelen and Aalst, Belgium
Polimeni, Martina
2021-11-08
Abstract
The main topic of my research is to study public space and its role in the processes of social inclusion of migrants and people with migration background, through the lens of social innovation. This research follows the approach of Moulaert et al. (2005), who argued that social innovation (SI) has "three core dimensions: a) the satisfaction of human needs (content dimension); b) changes in social relations, especially with regard to governance (process dimension); and c) an increase in the socio-political capability and access to resources (empowerment dimension)". Applying the above definition to the subject under investigation, the emerging question will be: which practices and processes that happen in urban public spaces can be defined social innovative, means that they have as ultimate aim the satisfaction of human needs, bring positive changes in social relations, and help people involved to increase their socio-political capability and access to resources? A space to be defined as "public" must be accessible to anyone, this is the feature mentioned in every definition that literature refers to. It must also be able to allow access to the existing services, for example in an urban park each user must be able to use the functions present inside, depending on personal needs or preferences. In the public space, the satisfaction of human needs takes place in different ways, both through activities that are generally defined as "daily", and through activities considered "leisure and pleasure", and not only. Since the satisfaction of human needs also passes through the affirmation of the self and making oneself visible in space, the ability of individuals to appropriate a certain space becomes significant to the extent that it corresponds to the possibility of being seen, making one's voice heard; it becomes satisfying the inner need to be recognized as a human being, the manifestation of the right to have access to resources, goods and services that can guarantee a better quality of life. Thus described, public space is no longer just a physical place but is characterized as a dimension of expression and affirmation of the "self". It follows that space is defined by an individual experience related to the "other", where "other" means human and inhuman (the surrounding environment). If space is the result of this experience, what happens in public space is the encounter of different "selves" who experience a certain place in relation to other "selves"; reporting Young's words: “in public spaces one always risks encountering those who are different, those who identify with different groups and have different opinions or different forms of life”. Depending on the conditions in which it occurs, this encounter can bring positive effects, mitigating physical and cultural differences and making way for a sense of communion, or it can be negative, amplifying these differences and leading to internal and external tensions of the individual. The analysis of relational dynamics in public space will help to show how the latter plays a fundamental role in multiethnic communities, stimulating positive changes in human behaviour, increasing physical and mental well-being and quality of life (livability), fostering culture mixing and social inclusion. The main objective is to demonstrate that public space not only helps in urban transformation processes but also is able to respond to the needs of a modern diverse society (different ages, gender, sex, ethnicity, social status, level of education), promoting culture diversity and solidarity, through services and facilities. In this way, public spaces become the arena of innovative practices and activities aimed to social inclusion and respect for cultural differences, as well as a place for the development of a sense of belonging and a tool to educate people to sustainable development principles. To give greater relevance to the issues listed above, the analysis will focus on migrants and their relationship with urban public space, especially public spaces in neighbourhood emerging from social housing estate. Several studies, among which I mention those conducted by 2 important international newspapers - The Guardian and Le Monde - show that migrants often, despite living and working in a specific city, knowing streets, squares, places and interacting with the urban environment in different ways, they continue to feel like "guests", a number in a list rather than part of society. This feeling is generated by multiple factors, one of which is the difficulty in participating in the decision-making process. In fact, several studies conducted in this field show that only a small part of the newcomers manages to be involved in decisions concerning the politic and economic sphere or simply to make their voices heard; and even when it happens, it is often mediated through local associations or communities. The latter take charge of the requests of these "minorities" and report them to the city administrations, asking for concrete actions or proposing solutions themselves, in some cases innovative. It should be remembered that any action, plan or program should consider the needs of the host community, which must have a leading role in the decision-making process, to avoid the onset of tensions. In this work we want to put in the spotlight the so-called newcomers, those who leave their land to go to another State searching for job and better living conditions. Whether we are talking about refugees, migrants arriving from third countries or economic migrants, what these people have in common is the search for psychophysical well-being, economic tranquillity and professional recognition, exactly what every human being wishes to achieve in his own life. Who arrives in a foreign country, most of the time doesn't speak the language, doesn't know the city, has neither a job (except for economic migrants) nor a home and doesn't have a network of social relations. Although free, these people are like “prisoner” of a political, economic and socio-cultural context in which they don't know how to move. Understanding this perspective, it becomes clear how integration and social inclusion are urgent issues awaiting answers that, to be effective, must be the result of teamwork between politics, social services, cultural mediators, NGOs. All the involved institutional bodies and stakeholders should approach the problem with a broad, multidisciplinary and interconnected vision, able to respond to the needs of migrants, without incurring economic or social costs for welcoming States. At European level, one of the strategies set is the Europe 2020 (part of the bigger Agenda 2030) in which, among other goals, propose actions to fight social exclusion and to achieve inclusive growth. In July 2011, the Commission proposed a “European agenda for the integration of third-country nationals”, focusing on actions to increase economic, social, cultural and political participation by migrants and emphasizing local action. Although the intentions are good, all these policies are linked only to socio-economic issues. The ability to negotiate between all the actors involved is a key element for the success of any social inclusion strategy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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