In conifers, the constitutive or induced production of terpenoids, either as oleoresin or emitted as volatile compounds, play an important role in the physical and chemical defence responses against pathogens and herbivores. In addition to a wealth of traditional uses spanning over centuries, a considerable upsurge of interest has been recently observed for plant terpenoids as bio-products and green chemicals for many possible innovative applications, including biopesticides and biofuels. Because structural and functional diversity of plant terpenoids mostly rely on the action of terpene synthases, the key enzymes in their biosynthetic pathway, novel and in-depth knowledge of the evolutionary diversification of members of terpene synthases family in the conifers, their modular structure, and their putative functions appears to be important not only for a deeper understanding of their physiological and ecological roles in the forests, but also to foster metabolic engineering and synthetic biology tools for the production of high-value terpenoid compounds. The research activities carried out in the present thesis aimed to gain insight into the ecological and functional roles of mono- and di- terpenes from a non-model conifer species, endemic of the southernmost Italian forests, namely Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poiret) Maire, Calabrian black pine, in terms of relationships with its biotic environment and overall plant performance. In such context, an extensive characterization and phylogeny of all the known terpene synthases from different Pinus species was conducted, which, for such genus, can be seen as the first effort to explore the evolutionary history of a large family of genes and their products involved in specialised metabolism. In addition, the quali-quantitative analysis of the di- and mono- terpenoid compounds in different Calabrian pine tissues was carried out. Concomitantly, we report about the first attempt to isolate full-length complementary DNAs and the corresponding genomic sequences encoding for diterpene- and monoterpene synthases involved in the specialized metabolism of Calabrian pine, by using a strategy based on the phylogeny of the available sequences of the corresponding genes in different Pinus species. The matching among gene expression analyses and the profiles of di- and mono- terpenoids from different tissues appeared to be consistent with the potential roles of the isolated diterpene- and monoterpene synthases in Calabrian pine. Finally, to better understand the potential roles of terpenoids in plant defence, two experimental tests were conducted under natural or semi-natural conditions on Calabrian pine adult plants or saplings facing the infestation brought about by the lepidopteran Thaumetopoea pityocampa, whose larvae are popularly known as the pine processionary moths. In such contest, the determination of the quali-quantitative profiles of terpene synthase genes and terpenoid metabolites was of help in obtaining a more realistic and reliable scenario of the plant-insect interaction dynamics, to better understand the defence mechanisms that plants deploy in their native environment against their natural enemies. In prospect, these knowledges could contribute for improving and diversifying the forest managements, as well as to develop the bio-control strategies in a range of possible contexts, including forestry, agroforestry and urban greenery, so complying with the commitments of the United Nations Agenda 2030 and its sustainable development goals.
Nelle conifere, la biosintesi costitutiva o inducibile di composti terpenoidi, sia come oleoresina che come composti volatili emessi, gioca un ruolo importante nelle risposte di difesa di tipo fisico e chimico contro patogeni ed erbivori. In aggiunta agli usi tradizionali noti da secoli, è stata recentemente osservata una consistente ripresa di interesse verso i terpenoidi vegetali, mano a mano che la ricerca scientifica sia di base che applicativa ne suggeriva nuovi possibili impieghi aventi il pregio della ecocompatibilità e della sostenibilità, come nella produzione di biopesticidi e biocombustibili. Poiché la diversificazione strutturale e funzionale dei terpenoidi si basa sull’azione delle terpene sintasi, enzimi chiave nella loro biosintesi, una conoscenza nuova e approfondita della diversificazione evolutiva dei membri della famiglia delle terpene sintasi nelle conifere, della loro struttura modulare e delle loro funzioni presunte sembra essere importante non solo per una più profonda comprensione dei loro ruoli fisiologici ed ecologici, ma anche per favorire l'ingegneria metabolica e gli strumenti di biologia sintetica per la produzione di composti terpenoidi di elevato valore. Le attività di ricerca del presente progetto di dottorato mirano ad approfondire i ruoli ecologici e funzionali dei mono- e di- terpeni in una conifera non-modello, endemica degli ecosistemi forestali meridionali, quale il pino nero calabrese o pino laricio (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poiret) Maire), dal punto di vista dell’interazione con l’ambiente biotico e delle prestazioni complessive della pianta. In tale contesto è stata condotta un'ampia caratterizzazione e filogenesi di tutte le terpene sintasi conosciute di Pinus spp., da considerare come il primo tentativo di esplorare la storia evolutiva della grande famiglia di geni che in questo genere sono coinvolti nel metabolismo specializzato dei terpenoidi. È stata inoltre condotta un’analisi quali-quantitativa dei composti di- e mono- terpenoidi contenuti in diversi tessuti della specie studiata, portando a termine contestualmente il primo tentativo noto di isolare dal DNA complementare ottenuto dagli stessi tessuti i trascritti completi e le corrispondenti sequenze genomiche che codificano per le diterpene- e monoterpene sintasi coinvolte nel metabolismo specializzato dei terpenoidi. A tale scopo, è stata adottata una strategia basata sulla filogenesi delle di- e mono- terpeni sintasi disponibili in banca dati per diverse specie del genere Pinus. L’espressione tessuto-specifica dei geni isolati appariva correlata coi corrispondenti profili dei metaboliti di- e monoterpenoidi, rivelandosi coerente coi i ruoli potenziali delle diterpene- e monoterpene sintasi isolate in pino laricio. Infine, per meglio comprendere il ruolo potenziale dei terpenoidi nella difesa delle piante, sono state condotte due prove sperimentali in condizioni naturali o semi-naturali, aventi come oggetto di studio le interazioni tra il pino laricio ed il lepidottero Thaumetopoea pityocampa, la cui larva è la ben nota processionaria del pino. In tale contesto, la determinazione dei profili quali-quantitativi dei geni delle terpene sintasi e dei corrispondenti terpenoidi ha consentito di definire scenari realistici ed affidabili sulle dinamiche delle interazione pianta-insetto, utili per una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi di difesa che le piante mettono in atto nel loro ambiente naturale. In prospettiva, l’aumento delle conoscenze in questi ambiti potrebbe contribuire a migliorare e diversificare le opzioni di gestione forestale, come anche promuovere strategie di bio-controllo da impiegare nei settori della selvicoltura, dell’agro forestazione e del verde urbano, in linea con gli obbiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile dell’Agenda 2030 delle Nazioni Unite.
Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of terpenes in Pinus nigra subsp. laricio in Calabria in response to the infestation of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) / Alicandri, Enrica. - (2022 May 02).
Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of terpenes in Pinus nigra subsp. laricio in Calabria in response to the infestation of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)
ALICANDRI, Enrica
2022-05-02
Abstract
In conifers, the constitutive or induced production of terpenoids, either as oleoresin or emitted as volatile compounds, play an important role in the physical and chemical defence responses against pathogens and herbivores. In addition to a wealth of traditional uses spanning over centuries, a considerable upsurge of interest has been recently observed for plant terpenoids as bio-products and green chemicals for many possible innovative applications, including biopesticides and biofuels. Because structural and functional diversity of plant terpenoids mostly rely on the action of terpene synthases, the key enzymes in their biosynthetic pathway, novel and in-depth knowledge of the evolutionary diversification of members of terpene synthases family in the conifers, their modular structure, and their putative functions appears to be important not only for a deeper understanding of their physiological and ecological roles in the forests, but also to foster metabolic engineering and synthetic biology tools for the production of high-value terpenoid compounds. The research activities carried out in the present thesis aimed to gain insight into the ecological and functional roles of mono- and di- terpenes from a non-model conifer species, endemic of the southernmost Italian forests, namely Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poiret) Maire, Calabrian black pine, in terms of relationships with its biotic environment and overall plant performance. In such context, an extensive characterization and phylogeny of all the known terpene synthases from different Pinus species was conducted, which, for such genus, can be seen as the first effort to explore the evolutionary history of a large family of genes and their products involved in specialised metabolism. In addition, the quali-quantitative analysis of the di- and mono- terpenoid compounds in different Calabrian pine tissues was carried out. Concomitantly, we report about the first attempt to isolate full-length complementary DNAs and the corresponding genomic sequences encoding for diterpene- and monoterpene synthases involved in the specialized metabolism of Calabrian pine, by using a strategy based on the phylogeny of the available sequences of the corresponding genes in different Pinus species. The matching among gene expression analyses and the profiles of di- and mono- terpenoids from different tissues appeared to be consistent with the potential roles of the isolated diterpene- and monoterpene synthases in Calabrian pine. Finally, to better understand the potential roles of terpenoids in plant defence, two experimental tests were conducted under natural or semi-natural conditions on Calabrian pine adult plants or saplings facing the infestation brought about by the lepidopteran Thaumetopoea pityocampa, whose larvae are popularly known as the pine processionary moths. In such contest, the determination of the quali-quantitative profiles of terpene synthase genes and terpenoid metabolites was of help in obtaining a more realistic and reliable scenario of the plant-insect interaction dynamics, to better understand the defence mechanisms that plants deploy in their native environment against their natural enemies. In prospect, these knowledges could contribute for improving and diversifying the forest managements, as well as to develop the bio-control strategies in a range of possible contexts, including forestry, agroforestry and urban greenery, so complying with the commitments of the United Nations Agenda 2030 and its sustainable development goals.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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