In order to reduce the wildfire impacts on the forest ecosystem, prescribed fire is considered as a primary option to remove the fuel that can generate a high-intensity fire. Despite the beneficial effects, uncertainties remain about the impacts of prescribed fires on forest ecology and hydrology. As a matter of fact, the runoff and erosion rates increase and the recruitment of forest species may perform differently after fire. In order to control the post-fire hydrological response of burned soils after prescribed fires, mulching is one of the most common management options, but this technique can also have negative effects on the forest ecosystem. In spite of ample literature, the studies about the changes in soil properties and hydrological response after the prescribed fire and mulching are contrasting. For some forest species, such as oak, the research about the effectiveness of prescribed burning on plant regeneration is not unanimous. Moreover, the effectiveness of mulching with fern residues on soil hydrology and ecology has not been previously evaluated as post-fire management strategy. Considering these literature gaps, this PhD thesis evaluates the short-term effects of the prescribed fire and post-fire mulching with fern residues on hydrology and other properties of soil as well as on plant regeneration in forests (pine, chestnut and oak) of Southern Italy. These evaluations have been carried out adopting both a two-year monitoring activity and a modelling approach regarding the hydrological variables. A first investigation, carried out using a portable rainfall simulator at the point scale in the three forest sites, has demonstrated that the prescribed fire may decrease water infiltration and increase soil water repellency, but mulching is effective in reducing the runoff generation capacity immediately after fire mainly in broadleaves species and less in conifers. The hydrological effects of both burning and mulching decrease over time until being negligible some months after fire. The evaluation of surface runoff and erosion in the same forest sites after natural precipitation at the plot scale has shown that, immediately after the prescribed fire, runoff and soil losses significantly increase in all forest stands compared to the unburned soils. This window of disturbance after fire is limited to three-four months, and the pre-fire runoff and erosion rates of the soils are practically restored after five months. Soil mulching with fern is effective to limit the increase in the hydrological response observed in the burned soils. Another study focusing the soil properties and covers has evidenced that prescribed fire, although being a low-intensity fire, is able to induce significant changes in soil chemistry and surface runoff, and that the magnitude of these changes depends on the soil property and forest species. The effects of the prescribed fire and mulching are often transient. Mulching with fern has been shown to be unable to limit the changes in chemical properties of soils. It has been also pointed out that low-intensity burning enhances the initial recruitment of oak plants and that soil mulching may be partly synergistic with the prescribed fire. This post-fire technique does not increase acorn emergence and plant survival compared to the burned and untreated sites, but enhances plant height and root mass. A modelling approach has confirmed the applicability of the SCS-CN and USLE-M models to predict surface runoff and erosion, respectively, in forests burned by prescribed fire and treated with fern under Mediterranean conditions. In contrast, poor predictions of the modelled hydrological variables were provided by the models in unburned plots, and by the Horton and MUSLE models for all the soil conditions. Moreover, optimal values of the input parameters of the tested models, have been proposed for future model applications. Overall, this PhD thesis has shown by experimental investigations that, in Mediterranean forests, the use of prescribed fire is promising to reduce the wildfire risk, although this practice is surprisingly of uncommon use in Italy. However, we must pay caution to the worsening of the hydrological response of burned soils immediately after fire. A cheap mulch material, such as the fern residues, is effective to control the soil’s response to fire and avoid the hydrogeological risks in the delicate forest environments.

Al fine di ridurre gli impatti degli incendi sull'ecosistema forestale, il fuoco prescritto è considerato un'opzione primaria, perchè rimuove il materiale combustibile che può generare un incendio ad alta intensità. Nonostante gli effetti benefici, permangono incertezze sugli impatti del fuoco prescritto sull'ecologia e l'idrologia forestale. In effetti, l’intensità di deflusso ed erosione aumentano e l’entità della rigenerazione delle specie forestali può essere modificata dopo il fuoco. Per controllare la risposta idrologica post-incendio dei suoli soggetti al fuoco prescritto, il mulching è una delle opzioni di gestione più comuni, ma questa tecnica può anche avere effetti negativi sull'ecosistema forestale. Nonostante l'ampia letteratura, gli studi sulle modifiche delle proprietà del suolo e della risposta idrologica dovuti al fuoco prescritto ed il mulching riportano risultati contrastanti. Ad esempio, per alcune specie forestali, come la quercia, la ricerca sull'efficacia del fuoco prescritto sulla rigenerazione delle piante non è unanime. Inoltre, l'efficacia del mulching con residui di felce sull'idrologia e sull'ecologia del suolo non è stata precedentemente valutata come strategia di gestione post-incendio. In relazione a queste lacune della letteratura, questa tesi di dottorato valuta gli effetti di breve periodo del fuoco prescritto e del mulching post-incendio con residui di felce sull'idrologia e sulle proprietà del suolo, nonché sulla rigenerazione delle piante in boschi (pino, castagno e quercia) del Sud Italia. Tali valutazioni sono state effettuate adottando sia un'attività di monitoraggio biennale, sia un approccio modellistico relativo alle variabili idrologiche. Una prima indagine, condotta a scala puntuale utilizzando un simulatore di pioggia portatile nei tre siti forestali, ha dimostrato che il fuoco prescritto può ridurre l’infiltrazione e aumentare l'idrorepellenza del suolo e che il mulching è efficace nel ridurre la capacità di generazione del deflusso subito dopo il fuoco (principalmente nelle latifoglie e meno nelle conifere). Gli effetti idrologici sia della combustione, sia del mulching diminuiscono nel tempo fino a divenire trascurabili alcuni mesi dopo il fuoco. La valutazione del deflusso superficiale e dell'erosione in parcelle forestali a seguito di precipitazioni naturali ha dimostrato che, immediatamente dopo il fuoco prescritto, il deflusso e le perdite di suolo aumentano significativamente in tutti i soprassuoli forestali rispetto ai suoli non trattati. Questa cosiddetta “finestra di disturbo” post-incendio è limitata a tre-quattro mesi e i tassi di deflusso ed erosione dei suoli pre-incendio vengono praticamente ripristinati dopo cinque mesi. Il mulching con felce è efficace per limitare l'aumento della risposta idrologica osservata nei suoli percorsi dal fuoco. Un altro studio incentrato sulle proprietà chimiche e le coperture del suolo ha evidenziato che il fuoco prescritto, pur essendo un incendio a bassa intensità, è in grado di indurre modifiche significative nei parametri chimici del suolo superficiale e che l'entità di queste modifiche dipende dalla proprietà del suolo e dalla specie forestale considerata. Gli effetti del fuoco prescritto e del mulching sono spesso transitori. È stato dimostrato che il mulching con felce non è in grado di limitare le modifiche delle proprietà chimiche dei suoli. È stato inoltre sottolineato che la combustione a bassa intensità migliora la rigenerazione iniziale delle piante di quercia e che il mulching del suolo può essere in parte sinergica con il fuoco prescritto. Questa tecnica post-incendio non aumenta l'emergenza delle ghiande e la sopravvivenza delle piante rispetto ai siti bruciati e non trattati, ma incrementa l'altezza della pianta e la massa delle radici. Un approccio di modellistica idrologica ha confermato l'applicabilità dei modelli SCS-CN e USLE-M per la previsione del deflusso superficiale e della perdita di suolo rispettivamente, nelle aree forestali soggette al fuoco prescritto e trattate con felci in condizioni mediterranee. Al contrario, le previsioni delle variabili idrologiche fornite dai modelli Horton e MUSLE nelle parcelle non bruciate sono risultate molto insoddisfacenti per tutte le condizioni del suolo. Inoltre, sono stati proposti valori ottimali dei parametri di input dei modelli testati per future applicazioni del modello. Nel complesso, questa tesi di dottorato ha dimostrato con i risultati di indagini sperimentali che, nelle foreste mediterranee, l'uso del fuoco prescritto è una tecnica sostenibile e promettente per ridurre il rischio di incendi boschivi, sebbene questa pratica sia sorprendentemente di uso non comune in Italia. Tuttavia, bisogna tener conto del peggioramento della risposta idrologica dei suoli bruciati immediatamente dopo l'incendio. Un materiale economico per il mulching, come i residui di felce, è efficace per controllare la risposta del suolo al fuoco ed evitare i rischi idrogeologici nei delicati ambienti forestali.

Soil hydrology and ecology after prescribed fire and mulching with fern in mediterranean forests / Carra', Bruno Gianmarco. - (2022 May 02).

Soil hydrology and ecology after prescribed fire and mulching with fern in mediterranean forests

CARRA', Bruno Gianmarco
2022-05-02

Abstract

In order to reduce the wildfire impacts on the forest ecosystem, prescribed fire is considered as a primary option to remove the fuel that can generate a high-intensity fire. Despite the beneficial effects, uncertainties remain about the impacts of prescribed fires on forest ecology and hydrology. As a matter of fact, the runoff and erosion rates increase and the recruitment of forest species may perform differently after fire. In order to control the post-fire hydrological response of burned soils after prescribed fires, mulching is one of the most common management options, but this technique can also have negative effects on the forest ecosystem. In spite of ample literature, the studies about the changes in soil properties and hydrological response after the prescribed fire and mulching are contrasting. For some forest species, such as oak, the research about the effectiveness of prescribed burning on plant regeneration is not unanimous. Moreover, the effectiveness of mulching with fern residues on soil hydrology and ecology has not been previously evaluated as post-fire management strategy. Considering these literature gaps, this PhD thesis evaluates the short-term effects of the prescribed fire and post-fire mulching with fern residues on hydrology and other properties of soil as well as on plant regeneration in forests (pine, chestnut and oak) of Southern Italy. These evaluations have been carried out adopting both a two-year monitoring activity and a modelling approach regarding the hydrological variables. A first investigation, carried out using a portable rainfall simulator at the point scale in the three forest sites, has demonstrated that the prescribed fire may decrease water infiltration and increase soil water repellency, but mulching is effective in reducing the runoff generation capacity immediately after fire mainly in broadleaves species and less in conifers. The hydrological effects of both burning and mulching decrease over time until being negligible some months after fire. The evaluation of surface runoff and erosion in the same forest sites after natural precipitation at the plot scale has shown that, immediately after the prescribed fire, runoff and soil losses significantly increase in all forest stands compared to the unburned soils. This window of disturbance after fire is limited to three-four months, and the pre-fire runoff and erosion rates of the soils are practically restored after five months. Soil mulching with fern is effective to limit the increase in the hydrological response observed in the burned soils. Another study focusing the soil properties and covers has evidenced that prescribed fire, although being a low-intensity fire, is able to induce significant changes in soil chemistry and surface runoff, and that the magnitude of these changes depends on the soil property and forest species. The effects of the prescribed fire and mulching are often transient. Mulching with fern has been shown to be unable to limit the changes in chemical properties of soils. It has been also pointed out that low-intensity burning enhances the initial recruitment of oak plants and that soil mulching may be partly synergistic with the prescribed fire. This post-fire technique does not increase acorn emergence and plant survival compared to the burned and untreated sites, but enhances plant height and root mass. A modelling approach has confirmed the applicability of the SCS-CN and USLE-M models to predict surface runoff and erosion, respectively, in forests burned by prescribed fire and treated with fern under Mediterranean conditions. In contrast, poor predictions of the modelled hydrological variables were provided by the models in unburned plots, and by the Horton and MUSLE models for all the soil conditions. Moreover, optimal values of the input parameters of the tested models, have been proposed for future model applications. Overall, this PhD thesis has shown by experimental investigations that, in Mediterranean forests, the use of prescribed fire is promising to reduce the wildfire risk, although this practice is surprisingly of uncommon use in Italy. However, we must pay caution to the worsening of the hydrological response of burned soils immediately after fire. A cheap mulch material, such as the fern residues, is effective to control the soil’s response to fire and avoid the hydrogeological risks in the delicate forest environments.
2-mag-2022
Settore AGR/08 - IDRAULICA AGRARIA E SISTEMAZIONI IDRAULICO-FORESTALI
ZEMA, Demetrio Antonio
BOMBINO, Giuseppe
POIANA, MARCO
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/129707
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