This study proposes a reflection on the criminal protection of cultural heritage at a national and international level, investigating the effectiveness of the current regulatory framework. The first part is dedicated to the general criminal law analysis of cultural assets, and in particular of the legal asset of cultural heritage in relation to its notion, its classification among judicial assets, its relationship with criminal law, the constitutional reference in matter and its evolution over time. It appears that the awareness of the ideal component of these assets has only recently emerged. This vision has had an impact on legislation, especially criminal law, in which for a long time a concept strongly anchored to cultural heritage emerged that has not received protection as a value in itself. In addition, the penal discipline prior to the reform, which was not very effective, was reduced to the incrimination of the non-compliance with mere administrative measures, therefore far from a final protection of the property. The analysis also focuses on the affinity of the matter with environmental criminal law and on the debate between actual and declared protection of heritage, and finally attempts at providing a more circumscribed notion of cultural heritage. The second part of the reflection, on the other hand, concerns the criminal protection of cultural heritage on an international level through the analysis of the main international and European agreements. We investigate the notion of cultural heritage provided at a supranational level, following a distinction between ―cultural property and cultural heritage‖. From the reflection, a close connection emerges between the issue of human rights and the international criminal protection of cultural assets, as can be seen from the rules set up for the protection of assets in the ius in bello (AJA Convention 1954) and from the rulings of International Courts and of International Criminal Court, in particular from the Al Mahdi case. The latest documents to be analyzed are the Delphi Convention and the Nicosia Convention, which more specifically takes up the obligations of criminalizing conduct harmful to cultural property for the purpose of a more effective protection also in national legal systems. The last part of the study concerns the analysis of the criminal law discipline of cultural heritage in the Italian legal system before the reform, with an in-depth analysis of the cases divided between the code of cultural heritage and the landscape and the penal code from which a complete protection emerges. unsatisfactory. Finally, we propose an in-depth analysis of the main issues of the reform of the discipline that took place with the law of 9 March 2022 n. 22, through the analysis of the new cases introduced in the new title VIII bis of the criminal code, also in relation to the extension of liability for such crimes to the entity pursuant to Legislative Decree 231/01

Il presente studio propone una riflessione sulla tutela penale dei beni culturali a livello nazionale ed internazionale, indagando sull‟efficacia dell‟attuale assetto normativo. La prima parte è dedicata all‟analisi generale del diritto penale dei beni culturali e in particolare del bene giuridico del patrimonio culturale, in relazione alla sua nozione, al suo inquadramento tra i beni giudici, al suo rapporto con il diritto penale, al riferimento costituzionale in materia e alla sua evoluzione nel corso del tempo. Emerge come la consapevolezza della componente ideale di tali beni sia solo di recente emersione. Questa impostazione ha avuto incidenza sulla legislazione, specialmente in riferimento a quella penalistica, in cui per lungo tempo è emersa una concezione di beni culturali fortemente ancorata al patrimonio in cui il bene giuridico non ha ricevuto una tutela come valore in se‟. Inoltre la disciplina penale precedente alla riforma, di scarsa efficacia, si riduceva alla incriminazione dell‟inosservanza di meri provvedimenti amministrativi lontana dunque da una protezione finale del bene. L‟analisi si concentra anche sulle affinità della materia con il diritto penale dell‟ambiente e sul dibattito tra tutela reale e dichiarata del patrimonio e infine tenta di fornire una nozione più circoscritta di patrimonio culturale. La seconda parte della riflessione riguarda invece la tutela penale del patrimonio culturale sul piano internazionale attraverso l‟analisi dei principali accordi internazionali ed europei. Si indaga sulla nozione di patrimonio culturale fornita a livello sovranazionale, a seguito di una distinzione tra “cultural property” e “cultural heritage”. Dalla riflessione emerge una stretta connessione tra il tema dei diritti umani e la tutela penale internazionale dei beni culturali, così come si evince dalle norme poste a protezione dei beni culturali nello ius in bello (Convenzione dell‟Aja del 1954) e dalle pronunce dei Tribunali Internazionali e della Corte Penale Internazionale, in particolare dal caso Al Mahdi. Ulteriori documenti oggetto di analisi sono la Convenzione di Delfi e la Convenzione di Nicosia che riprende in maniera più specifica gli obblighi di criminalizzazione di condotte lesive dei beni culturali ai fini di una più efficace tutela anche negli ordinamenti nazionali. L‟ultima parte dello studio concerne l‟analisi della disciplina penalistica dei beni culturali nell‟ordinamento italiano prima della riforma, con un approfondimento delle fattispecie ripartite tra il codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio e il codice penale da cui emerge una tutela del tutto insoddisfacente. Infine si propone un approfondimento degli snodi principali della riforma della disciplina avvenuta con la legge 9 marzo 2022 n. 22, attraverso l‟analisi delle nuove fattispecie introdotte nel nuovo titolo VIII bis del codice penale, anche in relazione all‟estensione della responsabilità per tali reati all‟ente ai sensi del D.lgs. 231/01

La tutela penale dei beni culturali a livello nazionale e internazionale / Zampogna, Giovanna. - (2022 Oct 18).

La tutela penale dei beni culturali a livello nazionale e internazionale

Zampogna, Giovanna
2022-10-18

Abstract

This study proposes a reflection on the criminal protection of cultural heritage at a national and international level, investigating the effectiveness of the current regulatory framework. The first part is dedicated to the general criminal law analysis of cultural assets, and in particular of the legal asset of cultural heritage in relation to its notion, its classification among judicial assets, its relationship with criminal law, the constitutional reference in matter and its evolution over time. It appears that the awareness of the ideal component of these assets has only recently emerged. This vision has had an impact on legislation, especially criminal law, in which for a long time a concept strongly anchored to cultural heritage emerged that has not received protection as a value in itself. In addition, the penal discipline prior to the reform, which was not very effective, was reduced to the incrimination of the non-compliance with mere administrative measures, therefore far from a final protection of the property. The analysis also focuses on the affinity of the matter with environmental criminal law and on the debate between actual and declared protection of heritage, and finally attempts at providing a more circumscribed notion of cultural heritage. The second part of the reflection, on the other hand, concerns the criminal protection of cultural heritage on an international level through the analysis of the main international and European agreements. We investigate the notion of cultural heritage provided at a supranational level, following a distinction between ―cultural property and cultural heritage‖. From the reflection, a close connection emerges between the issue of human rights and the international criminal protection of cultural assets, as can be seen from the rules set up for the protection of assets in the ius in bello (AJA Convention 1954) and from the rulings of International Courts and of International Criminal Court, in particular from the Al Mahdi case. The latest documents to be analyzed are the Delphi Convention and the Nicosia Convention, which more specifically takes up the obligations of criminalizing conduct harmful to cultural property for the purpose of a more effective protection also in national legal systems. The last part of the study concerns the analysis of the criminal law discipline of cultural heritage in the Italian legal system before the reform, with an in-depth analysis of the cases divided between the code of cultural heritage and the landscape and the penal code from which a complete protection emerges. unsatisfactory. Finally, we propose an in-depth analysis of the main issues of the reform of the discipline that took place with the law of 9 March 2022 n. 22, through the analysis of the new cases introduced in the new title VIII bis of the criminal code, also in relation to the extension of liability for such crimes to the entity pursuant to Legislative Decree 231/01
18-ott-2022
Settore IUS/17 - DIRITTO PENALE
D'ASCOLA, Vincenzo Mario Domenico
GORASSINI, Attilio
Doctoral Thesis
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
Zampogna Giovanna.pdf

Open Access dal 24/11/2023

Tipologia: Tesi di dottorato
Licenza: DRM non definito
Dimensione 3.83 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
3.83 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/131167
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact