The final purpose of the thesis work outlined below was to optimize the malting process of two local populations of wheat and rye, also known as landraces, grown in the Calabrian territory (south Italy). The research carried out consisted of three parts: a two-year agronomic study; a preliminary assessment of the malting aptitude of the chosen cereal species; and the optimization of the malting process of two landraces of wheat and rye using the surface response methodology. Thus, the first part consisted of an agronomic study aimed at characterizing the bio-agronomic traits of malting barley varieties and local populations of wheat and rye to verify their agronomic potential, as well as their production stability in the test environment. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was chosen for conducting the field experiments and subsequent data analysis. Hence, three different cereal species were compared, with the following purposes: in the case of malting barley, the aim was to evaluate over the two years the productive and qualitative potential of the chosen varieties in the field, whose agronomic performances are well established; in the case of wheat and rye, in addition to what has already been stated above, the aim was to understand which of the landraces would be better suited to the next phase of the study. Briefly, after two years of cultivation in the same test area, the effect of the environment and its interaction with the varieties was seen to be significant: in particular, a general decrease in yield and the other qualitative and purely agronomic traits was estimated. In fact, the delay of the sowing time in the second growing season, due to adverse meteorological conditions, negatively affected the earing phase for example, with consequent adverse effects on the further responses examined. At the same time, although the local varieties were similarly affected, the intensity of the decrease in the analyzed variables was smaller in their case, thus leading to the conclusion that the local populations, which are well adapted to the test environment, showed greater resilience to external sources of variability. Once harvesting was completed in the first year, the grain of each variety was subjected to the next step of the study for an initial screening of their malting suitability. Therefore, during the second year of the doctoral project, malting tests and consecutive qualitative malt analyses were carried in collaboration with the Italian Brewing Research Centre (CERB), University of Perugia, Italy. All varieties from the experimental field were subjected to the same malting schedule. In particular, rye was subjected to a special processing, having undergone different days of germination. Compared to the information in the literature on the first two cereals, a certain lack distinguishes rye, so this choice was justified by the desire to observe, prior to the process optimization experiments, how one of the characteristic malting parameters could affect the transformation of the raw material under investigation. The two-row barley varieties presented excellent characteristics on average as expected, in full agreement with the quality standards for malting barley. Different situation occurred for wheat and rye landraces, which were subjected to such a biotechnological process for the first time, within the limits of our knowledge, presenting inferior characteristics. This did not arouse any concern, as these local populations have traditionally been used for breadmaking in Calabria and have not generally received any genetic improvement to enhance their performance for the processing industry, whether breadmaking or malting. Nevertheless, these preliminary tests served as the basis for choosing two varieties of wheat and rye from those under study in order to further subject them to a malting optimization process. The third phase of the project was carried out in Germany at the Weihenstephan Research Center for Brewing and Food Quality, Technical University of Munich. During the doctoral year abroad, precisely, specific malting trials were conducted with the aim of increasing the malting performance of the two landraces. For this purpose, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to create and analyze experimental designs to evaluate the effect of three malting parameters on the compositional characteristics of the chosen grains. Germination time, germination temperature and steeping degree were chosen as process parameters. They were set at three levels using a face-centered composite design. This methodology, which is widely used in the field of biotechnology, made it possible to evaluate and predict how the responses of interest, with respect to proteolytic, cytolytic and amylolytic modifications of the derived malt samples, varied according to different combinations of the parameters through response surface analysis. The actual optimization analysis was carried out by means of a desirability function in the case of wheat and according to the same approach combined with a genetic algorithm in the case of rye. In conclusion, the implemented methodology allowed for the improvement of the malting process of the two landraces in relation to specific quality traits
Il lavoro di tesi di seguito illustrato ha avuto come obiettivo finale l’ottimizzazione del processo di maltazione di due popolazioni locali, note anche come landraces, di frumento e segale coltivate nel territorio calabrese (sud Italia). La ricerca effettuata è stata composta da tre parti: uno studio agronomico biennale; una valutazione preliminare dell’attitudine alla maltazione delle specie di cereali scelte; l’ottimizzazione del processo di maltazione di due landraces di frumento e segale per mezzo della metodologia di risposta di superficie. La prima parte è, quindi, stata costituita da uno studio agronomico finalizzato alla caratterizzazione dei tratti bio-agronomici di varietà di orzo da malto e popolazioni locali di frumento e segale per verificarne la potenzialità agronomica, insieme alla stabilità produttiva nell'ambiente di prova. Un disegno sperimentale a blocchi randomizzati con quattro repliche è stato scelto per la conduzione delle prove di campo e la consecutiva analisi dei dati. Per cui, tre diverse specie di cereali sono stati confrontati, con le seguenti finalità: nel caso dell'orzo da malto, l'intenzione è stata quella di valutare, nel corso dei due anni, le capacità produttive e qualitative delle varietà scelte in campo, le cui performance agronomiche sono ben consolidate; nel caso del frumento e della segale, oltre a quanto già precedentemente esposto, comprendere quali delle landraces avrebbe potuto meglio prestarsi allo fase successiva dello studio. Sommariamente, dopo due anni di coltivazione nella medesima area di prova, si è visto che l’effetto dell’ambiente e della sua interazione con le varietà è risultato significativo: in particolare, un generale decremento in termini di resa e degli altri caratteri qualitativi e prettamente agronomici valutati è stato stimato. Il ritardo della fase di semina, causa condizioni climatiche avverse, ha infatti negativamente influito sulla fase di spigatura ad esempio, che è risultata in ritardo rispetto al primo anno, con conseguenti effetti avversi sulle ulteriori risposte esaminate. Al contempo, sebbene anche le varietà locali abbiano subito la medesima influenza, l’intensità del decremento delle variabili analizzate è risultato più contenuto nel loro caso, potendo così concludere che le popolazioni locali, ben adattate all’ambiente di prova, abbiano mostrato una maggior resilienza nei confronti delle fonti di variabilità esterna. Una volta effettuata la raccolta al primo anno, la granella di ciascuna varietà è stata sottoposta a maltazione per un primo screening della loro attitudine maltaria. Per cui, durante il secondo anno di dottorato, delle prove di maltazione e delle consecutive analisi qualitative sul malto sono state effettuate in collaborazione con il Centro di Ricerca per l’eccellenza della Birra (CERB), Università degli Studi di Perugia (Italia). Tutte le varietà provenienti dal campo sperimentale sono state sottoposte al medesimo processo. In particolare, la segale ha subito un trattamento particolare, essendo stata sottoposta a diversi giorni di germinazione. Rispetto alle informazioni presenti in letteratura sui primi due cereali, una certa carenza caratterizza la segale, per cui tale scelta è stata giustificata dalla volontà di osservare preliminarmente alle prove di ottimizzazione di processo, come uno dei caratteristici parametri di maltazione possa influire sulla trasformazione della materia prima in esame. Gli orzi distici, come previsto, hanno presentato caratteristiche in media eccellenti, in pieno accordo con gli standard qualitativi per il cereale. Situazione differente si è verificata per le landraces di frumento e segale, per la prima volta sottoposte a tale processo biotecnologico entro i limiti della nostra conoscenza, che hanno presentato caratteristiche inferiori. Ciò non ha destato alcuna novità, essendo questa popolazioni locali tradizionalmente utilizzate in panificazione in Calabria e non avendo subito in generale alcun miglioramento genetico atto a potenziarne le perfomance per l’industria della trasformazione, sia essa quella della panificazione o della maltazione ancor di più. Nonostante ciò, tali prove preliminari sono servite come base per scegliere due varietà di frumento e segale tra quelle allo studio, in modo da sottoporle ad un processo di ottimizzazione. La terza fase del progetto è stata effettuata in Germania presso il Research Center Weihenstephan for Brewing and Food Quality. Durante l’anno di dottorato all’estero, appunto, prove di maltazione specifiche sono state condotte con lo scopo di incrementare le performance maltarie di due landraces. A tale scopo, la metodologia di risposta di superficie è stata utilizzata per la creazione e l'analisi di disegni sperimentali che hanno permesso di valutare l'effetto di tre variabili di processo durante la maltazione sulle caratteristiche compositive dei cereali prescelti. Il tempo di germinazione, la temperatura di germinazione e l’umidità del cereale sono stati scelti come parametri di processo. Essi sono stati impostati su tre livelli utilizzando un disegno composito a facce centrate. Tale metodologia, ampiamente utilizzata nel campo delle biotecnologie, ha permesso di valutare e di predire come le risposte di interesse, relativamente alle modifiche proteolitiche, citolitiche e amilolitiche dei campioni di malto ottenuti, siano variate a seconda di diverse combinazioni dei parametri attraverso l'analisi delle superfici di risposta. L'analisi di ottimizzazione vera e propria è stata effettuata per mezzo di una funzione di desiderabilità nel caso del frumento e secondo lo stesso approccio, combinato ad un algoritmo genetico, nel caso della segale. In conclusione, la metodologia implementata ha permesso di migliorare il processo di maltazione delle due landraces in relazione a specifici tratti qualitativi
Optimization of the malting process of Calabrian cereal landraces through response surface methodology / Calvi, Antonio. - (2023 Mar 10).
Optimization of the malting process of Calabrian cereal landraces through response surface methodology
Calvi, Antonio
2023-03-10
Abstract
The final purpose of the thesis work outlined below was to optimize the malting process of two local populations of wheat and rye, also known as landraces, grown in the Calabrian territory (south Italy). The research carried out consisted of three parts: a two-year agronomic study; a preliminary assessment of the malting aptitude of the chosen cereal species; and the optimization of the malting process of two landraces of wheat and rye using the surface response methodology. Thus, the first part consisted of an agronomic study aimed at characterizing the bio-agronomic traits of malting barley varieties and local populations of wheat and rye to verify their agronomic potential, as well as their production stability in the test environment. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was chosen for conducting the field experiments and subsequent data analysis. Hence, three different cereal species were compared, with the following purposes: in the case of malting barley, the aim was to evaluate over the two years the productive and qualitative potential of the chosen varieties in the field, whose agronomic performances are well established; in the case of wheat and rye, in addition to what has already been stated above, the aim was to understand which of the landraces would be better suited to the next phase of the study. Briefly, after two years of cultivation in the same test area, the effect of the environment and its interaction with the varieties was seen to be significant: in particular, a general decrease in yield and the other qualitative and purely agronomic traits was estimated. In fact, the delay of the sowing time in the second growing season, due to adverse meteorological conditions, negatively affected the earing phase for example, with consequent adverse effects on the further responses examined. At the same time, although the local varieties were similarly affected, the intensity of the decrease in the analyzed variables was smaller in their case, thus leading to the conclusion that the local populations, which are well adapted to the test environment, showed greater resilience to external sources of variability. Once harvesting was completed in the first year, the grain of each variety was subjected to the next step of the study for an initial screening of their malting suitability. Therefore, during the second year of the doctoral project, malting tests and consecutive qualitative malt analyses were carried in collaboration with the Italian Brewing Research Centre (CERB), University of Perugia, Italy. All varieties from the experimental field were subjected to the same malting schedule. In particular, rye was subjected to a special processing, having undergone different days of germination. Compared to the information in the literature on the first two cereals, a certain lack distinguishes rye, so this choice was justified by the desire to observe, prior to the process optimization experiments, how one of the characteristic malting parameters could affect the transformation of the raw material under investigation. The two-row barley varieties presented excellent characteristics on average as expected, in full agreement with the quality standards for malting barley. Different situation occurred for wheat and rye landraces, which were subjected to such a biotechnological process for the first time, within the limits of our knowledge, presenting inferior characteristics. This did not arouse any concern, as these local populations have traditionally been used for breadmaking in Calabria and have not generally received any genetic improvement to enhance their performance for the processing industry, whether breadmaking or malting. Nevertheless, these preliminary tests served as the basis for choosing two varieties of wheat and rye from those under study in order to further subject them to a malting optimization process. The third phase of the project was carried out in Germany at the Weihenstephan Research Center for Brewing and Food Quality, Technical University of Munich. During the doctoral year abroad, precisely, specific malting trials were conducted with the aim of increasing the malting performance of the two landraces. For this purpose, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to create and analyze experimental designs to evaluate the effect of three malting parameters on the compositional characteristics of the chosen grains. Germination time, germination temperature and steeping degree were chosen as process parameters. They were set at three levels using a face-centered composite design. This methodology, which is widely used in the field of biotechnology, made it possible to evaluate and predict how the responses of interest, with respect to proteolytic, cytolytic and amylolytic modifications of the derived malt samples, varied according to different combinations of the parameters through response surface analysis. The actual optimization analysis was carried out by means of a desirability function in the case of wheat and according to the same approach combined with a genetic algorithm in the case of rye. In conclusion, the implemented methodology allowed for the improvement of the malting process of the two landraces in relation to specific quality traitsFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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