The Calabrian citrus sector is the primary world producer of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso & Poiteau). Bergamot is cultivated in a coastal portion of Reggio Calabria primarily for industrial processing to yield essential oil. The solid by-product, known as “pastazzo”, constitutes approximately 50% of processed fruit’s weight, representing a significant economic challenge for the industry due to its costly disposal. Hence, the first aim of this thesis was to convert bergamot pomace (BP) into a valuable resource. The results from the first experiment, reported in the second chapter (“Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Calabrian Bergamot Citrus Waste: Selection of Best Green Extraction”), optimized an extraction system using food-grade solvents demonstrated the extraction of a substantial quantity of bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds. The phenolic profile of BP revealed a high flavonoid content including eriocitrin (0.25 mg g-1 dw BP), neoeriocitrin (13. 95 mg g-1 dw BP), naringin (12.47 mg g-1 dw BP), neohesperidin (7.35 mg g-1 dw BP), melitidin (2.29 mg g-1 dw BP) and brutieridin (5.67 mg g-1 dw BP). The antioxidant extract (AE), produced with the selected extraction technique (maceration extraction at 70°C for 30 minutes) was used in Chapter 3 (“Fortification of Vegetable Fat with natural antioxidants recovered from Bergamot Pomace to use as ingredient for the production of biscuits”) for the functionalisation of a vegetable fat (VF) used as ingredient in the formulation of a bakery product (biscuits). VF exhibited functional and qualitative improvements, with increased antioxidant properties analysed through the total polyphenols content (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC) and ABTS and DPPH assays. Chromatographic analysis (UHPLC-DAD) confirmed the enrichment, contributing to improve oxidative stability detected with an OXITEST system. Enriched biscuits were comparable to the test sample in terms of moisture, colour and Maillard products. The antioxidant compounds added with VF exhibited resistance to heat treatment, further enhancing the oxidative stability of the biscuits. Another research investigated an edible coating (Chapter 4: “Effect of Edible Coating Enriched with Natural Antioxidant Extract and Bergamot Essential Oil on the Shelf Life of Strawberries”) enriched with varying percentages of AE (based on gum Arabic) applied to strawberries to estimate their shelf life in terms of weight loss, decay, TPC, bioactive compounds, organic acids, microbial contamination and maintenance of quality parameters such as colour and texture. This application significantly improved the quality of the strawberries during the storage period. Chapter 5 (“Microencapsulation of antioxidant extract recovered by bergamot pomace through freeze-drying methodology and application in hydrophilic and lipophilic food systems”) focused on improving the liquid extract by microencapsulating the AE for better stability and resistance to degradation. The microencapsulate was used to enrich hydrophilic (apple juice) and lipophilic (sunflower oil) food systems, evaluating the physicochemical characteristics and the release of antioxidant compounds during storage (up to 90 days) at 25°C. Following the principles of a circular economy, BP flour (BF) and BF after phenol compounds extraction (BFE) were used as ingredients to replace durum wheat flour in pasta production (Chapter 6: “Bergamot pomace flour: a functional ingredient for pasta production”). The functional, structural and sensory properties of pasta produced with two concentrations of BF and BFE (2.5 and 5%) were studied. The research results emphasized that BP can be considered an excellent processing aid for producing functional foods. The physicochemical characteristics of BP (antioxidants, fibre, minerals) offer opportunities for develop new nutraceuticals or natural preservatives applicable to the food industry enhancing products quality and extend shelf-life valorising BP.  

Il comparto agrumicolo calabrese è il primo produttore mondiale di bergamotto (Citrus bergamia Risso & Poiteau). Il bergamotto è coltivato in una striscia costiera di Reggio Calabria e destinato principalmente all’industria per l’estrazione di olio essenziale. Il sottoprodotto solido, noto come “pastazzo”, costituisce circa il 50% del peso del frutto lavorato, rappresentando una sfida economica significativa per l'industria a causa del suo oneroso smaltimento. Pertanto, il primo obiettivo di questa tesi è stato quello di convertire il pastazzo di bergamotto (BP) in una preziosa risorsa. I risultati della prima sperimentazione, riportati nel secondo capitolo (“Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Calabrian Bergamot Citrus Waste: Selection of Best Green Extraction”), attraverso l’ottimizzazione di un sistema di estrazione con solventi di grado alimentare, hanno dimostrato come sia possibile estrarre una quantità sostanziale di composti bioattivi, in particolare di composti fenolici. Il profilo fenolico del BP ha evidenziato un elevato contenuto di flavonoidi, tra cui eriocitrina (0.25 mg g-1 dw BP), neoeriocitrina (13.95 mg g-1 ss BP), naringina (12.47 mg g-1 ss BP), neoesperidina (7.35 mg g-1 ss BP), melitidina (2.29 mg g-1 ss BP) e brutieridina (5.67 mg g-1 ss BP). L'estratto antiossidante (AE), ottenuto con la tecnica di estrazione selezionata (estrazione per macerazione a 70°C per 30 minuti), è stato utilizzato nel capitolo 3 (“Fortification of Vegetable Fat with natural antioxidants recovered from Bergamot Pomace to use as ingredient for the production of biscuits”) per la funzionalizzazione di un grasso vegetale (VF) utilizzato come ingrediente nella formulazione di un prodotto da forno (biscotto). Il VF ha mostrato miglioramenti funzionali e qualitativi, con un aumento delle proprietà antiossidanti analizzate attraverso il contenuto di polifenoli totali (TPC), flavonoidi totali (TFC) e saggi ABTS e DPPH. L'analisi cromatografica (UHPLC-DAD) ha confermato l'arricchimento, contribuendo a migliorare la stabilità ossidativa rilevata con un sistema OXITEST. I biscotti arricchiti erano paragonabili al campione testimone in termini di umidità, colore e prodotti Maillard. I composti antiossidanti aggiunti al VF hanno mostrato resistenza al trattamento termico, migliorando ulteriormente la stabilità ossidativa dei biscotti. Un’altra ricerca condotta ha studiato un rivestimento edibile (Capitolo 4: “Effect of Edible Coating Enriched with Natural Antioxidant Extract and Bergamot Essential Oil on the Shelf Life of Strawberries”) arricchito con varie percentuali di AE (a base di gomma arabica) applicato alle fragole per stimare la loro shelf-life in termini di perdita di peso, decadimento, TPC, composti bioattivi, acidi organici, contaminazione microbica e mantenimento di parametri qualitativi come colore e consistenza. Questa applicazione ha migliorato significativamente la qualità delle fragole durante il periodo di conservazione. Il capitolo 5 (“Microencapsulation of antioxidant extract recovered by bergamot pomace through freeze-drying methodology and application in hydrophilic and lipophilic food systems”) si è concentrato sul miglioramento dell'estratto liquido mediante microincapsulazione dell'AE per una migliore stabilità e resistenza alla degradazione. Il microincapsulato è stato utilizzato per arricchire sistemi alimentari idrofili (succo di mela) e lipofili (olio di semi di girasole), valutando le caratteristiche chimico-fisiche e il rilascio di composti antiossidanti durante la conservazione (fino a 90 giorni) a 25°C. Seguendo i principi dell'economia circolare, la farina di BP (BF) e la BF dopo l’estrazione dei composti fenolici (BFE) sono state utilizzate come ingrediente per sostituire la farina di grano duro nella produzione di pasta (Capitolo 6: “Bergamot pomace flour: a functional ingredient for pasta production”). Sono state studiate le proprietà funzionali e sensoriali della pasta prodotta con due concentrazioni di BF e BFE (2.5 e 5%). I risultati della ricerca hanno evidenziato che il BP può essere considerato un eccellente coadiuvante tecnologico per la produzione di alimenti funzionali. Le caratteristiche fisico-chimiche del BP (antiossidanti, fibre, minerali) offrono l'opportunità di sviluppare nuovi ingredienti nutraceutici o conservanti naturali utilizzabili nell'industria alimentare per migliorare la qualità dei prodotti e prolungarne la shelf life, valorizzando il BP.

Application of functional molecules recovered from bergamot by-products: development and improvement of food systems / Gattuso, Antonio. - (2024 Mar 20).

Application of functional molecules recovered from bergamot by-products: development and improvement of food systems

Gattuso, Antonio
2024-03-20

Abstract

The Calabrian citrus sector is the primary world producer of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso & Poiteau). Bergamot is cultivated in a coastal portion of Reggio Calabria primarily for industrial processing to yield essential oil. The solid by-product, known as “pastazzo”, constitutes approximately 50% of processed fruit’s weight, representing a significant economic challenge for the industry due to its costly disposal. Hence, the first aim of this thesis was to convert bergamot pomace (BP) into a valuable resource. The results from the first experiment, reported in the second chapter (“Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Calabrian Bergamot Citrus Waste: Selection of Best Green Extraction”), optimized an extraction system using food-grade solvents demonstrated the extraction of a substantial quantity of bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds. The phenolic profile of BP revealed a high flavonoid content including eriocitrin (0.25 mg g-1 dw BP), neoeriocitrin (13. 95 mg g-1 dw BP), naringin (12.47 mg g-1 dw BP), neohesperidin (7.35 mg g-1 dw BP), melitidin (2.29 mg g-1 dw BP) and brutieridin (5.67 mg g-1 dw BP). The antioxidant extract (AE), produced with the selected extraction technique (maceration extraction at 70°C for 30 minutes) was used in Chapter 3 (“Fortification of Vegetable Fat with natural antioxidants recovered from Bergamot Pomace to use as ingredient for the production of biscuits”) for the functionalisation of a vegetable fat (VF) used as ingredient in the formulation of a bakery product (biscuits). VF exhibited functional and qualitative improvements, with increased antioxidant properties analysed through the total polyphenols content (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC) and ABTS and DPPH assays. Chromatographic analysis (UHPLC-DAD) confirmed the enrichment, contributing to improve oxidative stability detected with an OXITEST system. Enriched biscuits were comparable to the test sample in terms of moisture, colour and Maillard products. The antioxidant compounds added with VF exhibited resistance to heat treatment, further enhancing the oxidative stability of the biscuits. Another research investigated an edible coating (Chapter 4: “Effect of Edible Coating Enriched with Natural Antioxidant Extract and Bergamot Essential Oil on the Shelf Life of Strawberries”) enriched with varying percentages of AE (based on gum Arabic) applied to strawberries to estimate their shelf life in terms of weight loss, decay, TPC, bioactive compounds, organic acids, microbial contamination and maintenance of quality parameters such as colour and texture. This application significantly improved the quality of the strawberries during the storage period. Chapter 5 (“Microencapsulation of antioxidant extract recovered by bergamot pomace through freeze-drying methodology and application in hydrophilic and lipophilic food systems”) focused on improving the liquid extract by microencapsulating the AE for better stability and resistance to degradation. The microencapsulate was used to enrich hydrophilic (apple juice) and lipophilic (sunflower oil) food systems, evaluating the physicochemical characteristics and the release of antioxidant compounds during storage (up to 90 days) at 25°C. Following the principles of a circular economy, BP flour (BF) and BF after phenol compounds extraction (BFE) were used as ingredients to replace durum wheat flour in pasta production (Chapter 6: “Bergamot pomace flour: a functional ingredient for pasta production”). The functional, structural and sensory properties of pasta produced with two concentrations of BF and BFE (2.5 and 5%) were studied. The research results emphasized that BP can be considered an excellent processing aid for producing functional foods. The physicochemical characteristics of BP (antioxidants, fibre, minerals) offer opportunities for develop new nutraceuticals or natural preservatives applicable to the food industry enhancing products quality and extend shelf-life valorising BP.  
20-mar-2024
Settore AGR/15 - SCIENZE E TECNOLOGIE ALIMENTARI
POIANA, MARCO
De Bruno, Alessandra
SCHENA, Leonardo
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/144566
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