There are more than 110,000 kilometers of High-Speed Rail (HSR) lines in operation, in construction and planned in the world. The entering of HSR mode-services generate competition with other rail services and other transport modes. A relevant problem is the estimation of the travel demand and of the supply of fares connected to HSR. HSR travel demand models at the levels of mode, service, company, run are mainly focused on the estimation of the diverted demand from the air mode and conventional rail services. HSR lines compete at the inter-modal level (e.g., mode choice) and at the intra-modal levels (e.g., service, company and run choices). HSR supply of fares, similarly to the air services, are characterized by evolutions and changes over time. The fares variations are caused by several factors connected both to travelers’ behavior and to strategies of the HSR companies. The two above themes are studied separately in the scientific literature. The thesis proposes an innovative method for collecting data relating to the ticket’s evolution allowing the two lines of research to be combined and providing a research contribution in the development of travel demand and transport supply models. The thesis aim is to put together the two above research lines that have been historically developed independently. The innovative method for collecting data allows, on the demand side, the identification of user’s choices and the specification, calibration and validation of run choice models; and, on the supply side, the specification, calibration and validation of fare functions for the representation of the dynamic variation over time of HSR fares. The research activity is composed by three main phases. The first phase concerns the analysis of the state of the art of the two above lines of research aimed at the individuation of lacks of literature. The second phase regards the definition of a framework for the identification of user’s choices and the specification, calibration and validation of run choice models, as well as for the estimation of fare structures, which are based on the innovative data collection method. The method allowed the identification of users’ choice in terms of run on the basis of the fares mutation between consecutive days The third phase concerns the experimentation of the proposed method and it is subdivided into two parts. The former part concerns the design and execution of the fares’ survey in order to collect data and build the database. The survey has been executed on a set of HSR lines operating along the relationship Rome-Milan (Italy) during several years. The latter part concerns the development of the demand and supply models in terms of specification, calibration and validation of disaggregated run choice models belonging to the class of random utility models, and of aggregated fare structure models. The obtained results are important because give the possibility to calibrate and update the demand and supply model parameters from big data, such as the daily tickets supplied by HSR companies. The method ensures the identification of users’ choices without the execution of surveys that are expensive in terms of time and monetary cost and allows to obtain a huge amount of information for the specification-calibration-validation of choice models in the dimensions of run. The results of this work could support transport planners and decision-makers to develop sustainable transport policies in the evaluation of investment in HSR lines and services, by means of methodological and modelling tools to assess current and potential HSR travel demand.

Nel mondo ci sono più di 110.000 chilometri di linee ferroviarie ad alta velocità (HSR) pianificate e operative. L'ingresso dei servizi ad alta velocità ferroviaria genera concorrenza sul mercato con altri servizi ferroviari e altre modalità di trasporto. Un problema fondamentale riguarda la stima della domanda di viaggio ed inoltre l'offerta delle tariffe connesse ai servizi ad alta velocità ferroviaria. I modelli di domanda per i servizi ferroviari ad alta velocità (specificazione, calibrazione e validazione) al livello di scelta del modo, servizio, compagnia, corsa si concentrano sulla stima della domanda reindirizzata dalla modalità aereo e dai servizi ferroviari convenzionali. Le linee HSR competono a livello intermodale (ad esempio, scelta del modo) e a livello intramodale (ad esempio, scelta del servizio, della compagnia e della corsa). L'offerta tariffaria dei servizi ad alta velocità, analogamente ai servizi aereo, è caratterizzata da evoluzioni e variazioni nel tempo. Le variazioni tariffarie sono causate da diversi fattori legati sia al comportamento dei viaggiatori sia alle strategie (politiche tariffaria) delle compagnie HSR. I due temi sopra menzionati vengono studiati separatamente nella letteratura scientifica. La tesi propone un metodo innovativo per la raccolta di dati relativi all'evoluzione delle tariffe che consente di combinare i due temi, fornendo un contributo di ricerca nella calibrazione dei modelli di domanda e di offerta di trasporto. L'obiettivo della tesi è quello di mettere insieme le due linee di ricerca sopra menzionate, storicamente sviluppate in modo indipendente. Dal lato della domanda, la tesi affronta l'identificazione delle scelte dell'utente e la costruzione dell'insieme di scelta, analizzando l’evoluzione tariffaria dei biglietti. Dal lato dell'offerta, la tesi presenta la specificazione, la calibrazione e la validazione di alcuni modelli delle tariffe per la rappresentazione delle variazioni dinamiche nel tempo, delle tariffe HSR. L’attività di ricerca si compone di tre fasi principali. La prima fase riguarda l’analisi dello stato dell’arte finalizzata all’individuazione delle carenze in letteratura. La seconda fase riguarda la specificazione di un metodo per l'identificazione delle scelte degli utenti, nonché la stima delle strutture tariffarie, che si basano sull'innovativo metodo di raccolta dati. Quest'ultima riguarda la specificazione dell'indagine tariffaria al fine di raccogliere dati e costruire l'unico database che alimenta le due principali linee di ricerca. La terza fase riguarda la sperimentazione del metodo specificato. La procedura prevede l'individuazione degli utenti in relazione alla variazione delle tariffe tra due giorni consecutivi. Pertanto, i modelli di domanda e offerta sono stati specificati, calibrati e validati. Il metodo proposto è stato sperimentato sulla relazione Roma-Milano. È stata condotta un'indagine giornaliera e la codifica delle tariffe rilevate, durante gli anni 2022, 2023 e 2025, seguita dalla calibrazione di un modello di scelta di corsa disaggregato appartenente alla classe dei modelli di utilità casuale e dalla calibrazione del modello di struttura tariffaria. I risultati ottenuti possono essere importanti perché danno la possibilità di correggere i parametri del modello a partire da big data, come i biglietti giornalieri. Il metodo garantisce una prima identificazione delle scelte degli utenti senza l'esecuzione di sondaggi costosi in termini di tempo e costi monetari e consente di ottenere un'enorme quantità di informazioni per la specifica-calibrazione-validazione dei modelli di scelta nelle dimensioni di corsa, classe tariffaria, periodo della giornata, coppia origine-destinazione e così via.

Modeling run choices and fare structures in High-Speed Rail by means of innovative data collection / Sgro, D.. - (2026 Apr 17).

Modeling run choices and fare structures in High-Speed Rail by means of innovative data collection

Sgro, Domenico
2026-04-17

Abstract

There are more than 110,000 kilometers of High-Speed Rail (HSR) lines in operation, in construction and planned in the world. The entering of HSR mode-services generate competition with other rail services and other transport modes. A relevant problem is the estimation of the travel demand and of the supply of fares connected to HSR. HSR travel demand models at the levels of mode, service, company, run are mainly focused on the estimation of the diverted demand from the air mode and conventional rail services. HSR lines compete at the inter-modal level (e.g., mode choice) and at the intra-modal levels (e.g., service, company and run choices). HSR supply of fares, similarly to the air services, are characterized by evolutions and changes over time. The fares variations are caused by several factors connected both to travelers’ behavior and to strategies of the HSR companies. The two above themes are studied separately in the scientific literature. The thesis proposes an innovative method for collecting data relating to the ticket’s evolution allowing the two lines of research to be combined and providing a research contribution in the development of travel demand and transport supply models. The thesis aim is to put together the two above research lines that have been historically developed independently. The innovative method for collecting data allows, on the demand side, the identification of user’s choices and the specification, calibration and validation of run choice models; and, on the supply side, the specification, calibration and validation of fare functions for the representation of the dynamic variation over time of HSR fares. The research activity is composed by three main phases. The first phase concerns the analysis of the state of the art of the two above lines of research aimed at the individuation of lacks of literature. The second phase regards the definition of a framework for the identification of user’s choices and the specification, calibration and validation of run choice models, as well as for the estimation of fare structures, which are based on the innovative data collection method. The method allowed the identification of users’ choice in terms of run on the basis of the fares mutation between consecutive days The third phase concerns the experimentation of the proposed method and it is subdivided into two parts. The former part concerns the design and execution of the fares’ survey in order to collect data and build the database. The survey has been executed on a set of HSR lines operating along the relationship Rome-Milan (Italy) during several years. The latter part concerns the development of the demand and supply models in terms of specification, calibration and validation of disaggregated run choice models belonging to the class of random utility models, and of aggregated fare structure models. The obtained results are important because give the possibility to calibrate and update the demand and supply model parameters from big data, such as the daily tickets supplied by HSR companies. The method ensures the identification of users’ choices without the execution of surveys that are expensive in terms of time and monetary cost and allows to obtain a huge amount of information for the specification-calibration-validation of choice models in the dimensions of run. The results of this work could support transport planners and decision-makers to develop sustainable transport policies in the evaluation of investment in HSR lines and services, by means of methodological and modelling tools to assess current and potential HSR travel demand.
17-apr-2026
Settore ICAR/05 - TRASPORTI
Settore CEAR-03/B - Trasporti
MUSOLINO, Giuseppe
ISERNIA, Tommaso
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/165946
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