The rapid growth of optical communication networks and the widespread deployment of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) systems require compact, scalable, and energy-efficient photonic switches. Silicon photonics provides a mature and cost-effective platform for large-scale integration; however, designing optical switches that combine broadband operation, low power consumption, fabrication tolerance, and scalability remains challenging. This thesis addresses these challenges through the design, simulation, fabrication, and characterization of integrated photonic switches based on thermo-optic and graphene-enabled electro-optic effects. This work was carried out within the framework of the GrapHICS project (Graphene/a-Si:H Photonic Integrated Circuit Switch), which aims to develop a new photonic platform by combining standard silicon photonics with advanced materials such as graphene and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The final goal of the project is the realization of active, remotely reconfigurable optical switching matrices capable of replacing passive splitters in passive optical networks, thereby reducing operational costs and improving network flexibility and reliability. Several photonic switch architectures are investigated, including Mach–Zehnder interferometers, ring resonators, multimode interference (MMI) devices, and adiabatic structures. Through numerical comparison, adiabatic thermo-optic switches and MMI-based Mach–Zehnder thermo-optic switches are identified as the most suitable solutions for broadband and fabrication-tolerant operation. A key original contribution of this thesis is the proposal and detailed analysis of a novel adiabatic thermo-optic switch based on smoothly tapered waveguides. The adiabatic design ensures gradual mode evolution, resulting in low optical loss and reduced sensitivity to wavelength and polarization variations. Simulation results demonstrate efficient switching for both TE and TM polarizations across the C- and L-bands, with low insertion loss, high extinction ratio, and moderate power consumption. The optimized adiabatic switch is then used as a basic building block for the design of scalable optical switching matrices. Using an S-parameter-based modeling approach and system-level simulations, complete 2×2 and 4×4 switch matrices are designed and analyzed, demonstrating the feasibility of extending the architecture toward larger N×N configurations suitable for telecommunication applications. In parallel, an MMI-based Mach–Zehnder thermo-optic switch is designed, fabricated, and experimentally characterized. The fabrication process is developed and optimized in a cleanroom environment using silicon-on-insulator technology and laser-writer photolithography. To achieve high-quality waveguides, a Bosch deep reactive ion etching process is adopted, enabling accurate dimensional control and vertical sidewalls. Optical measurements confirm broadband operation and thermo-optic switching behavior in good agreement with simulations. To overcome the speed limitations of thermo-optic devices, graphene-based electro-optic structures are also investigated. A graphene–insulator–graphene capacitor is fabricated and characterized, and its integration into photonic waveguides is studied through detailed modeling. By positioning graphene in regions of high optical field overlap and introducing a-Si:H as an additional guiding layer, enhanced electro-absorption modulation and high-speed operation are achieved in simulation. The proposed graphene-based devices demonstrate the potential to operate at data rates up to 40 Gb/s with compact footprints and reduced power consumption. In conclusion, this thesis presents original device concepts, optimized fabrication strategies, and scalable design approaches for integrated photonic switches. The combination of adiabatic structures, MMI-based interferometers, and graphene-enabled electro-optic functionality provides a flexible and robust platform for future reconfigurable photonic integrated circuits and high-capacity optical communication systems.
La rapida crescita delle reti di comunicazione ottica e la diffusione dei sistemi fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) richiedono switch fotonici compatti, scalabili ed efficienti dal punto di vista energetico. La fotonica su silicio rappresenta una piattaforma matura ed economicamente vantaggiosa per l’integrazione su larga scala; tuttavia, la progettazione di switch ottici che combinino funzionamento a banda larga, basso consumo energetico, tolleranza ai processi di fabbricazione e scalabilità rimane una sfida significativa. Questa tesi affronta tali problematiche attraverso la progettazione, simulazione, fabbricazione e caratterizzazione di switch fotonici integrati basati su effetti termo-ottici ed elettro-ottici abilitati dal grafene. Questo lavoro è stato svolto nell’ambito del progetto GrapHICS (Graphene/a-Si:H Photonic Integrated Circuit Switch), che mira a sviluppare una nuova piattaforma fotonica combinando la fotonica su silicio standard con materiali avanzati quali il grafene e il silicio amorfo idrogenato (a-Si:H). L’obiettivo finale del progetto è la realizzazione di matrici di commutazione ottica attive e riconfigurabili da remoto, in grado di sostituire gli splitter passivi nelle reti ottiche passive, riducendo così i costi operativi e migliorando la flessibilità e l’affidabilità della rete. Vengono investigate diverse architetture di switch fotonici, tra cui interferometri Mach–Zehnder, risonatori ad anello, dispositivi a interferenza multimodale (MMI) e strutture adiabatiche. Attraverso un confronto numerico, gli switch termo-ottici adiabatici e gli switch termo-ottici Mach–Zehnder basati su MMI risultano le soluzioni più adatte per un funzionamento a banda larga e tollerante alle variazioni di fabbricazione. Un contributo originale fondamentale di questa tesi è la proposta e l’analisi dettagliata di un nuovo switch termo-ottico adiabatico basato su guide d’onda con rastremazione graduale. Il design adiabatico garantisce un’evoluzione graduale dei modi, con conseguente riduzione delle perdite ottiche e minore sensibilità alle variazioni di lunghezza d’onda e polarizzazione. I risultati delle simulazioni dimostrano un’efficiente commutazione per entrambe le polarizzazioni TE e TM nelle bande C e L, con basse perdite di inserzione, elevato rapporto di estinzione e consumo energetico moderato. Lo switch adiabatico ottimizzato viene quindi utilizzato come elemento base per la progettazione di matrici di commutazione ottica scalabili. Utilizzando un approccio basato su parametri S e simulazioni a livello di sistema, vengono progettate e analizzate matrici di switch complete 2×2 e 4×4, dimostrando la fattibilità dell’estensione dell’architettura verso configurazioni N×N più ampie, adatte ad applicazioni nelle telecomunicazioni. Parallelamente, viene progettato, fabbricato e caratterizzato sperimentalmente uno switch termo-ottico Mach–Zehnder basato su MMI. Il processo di fabbricazione viene sviluppato e ottimizzato in ambiente cleanroom utilizzando tecnologia silicon-on-insulator e litografia con laser writer. Per ottenere guide d’onda di alta qualità, viene adottato un processo Bosch di incisione profonda reattiva ionica, che consente un controllo dimensionale accurato e pareti laterali verticali. Le misure ottiche confermano il funzionamento a banda larga e il comportamento termo-ottico dello switch, in buon accordo con le simulazioni. Per superare i limiti di velocità dei dispositivi termo-ottici, vengono inoltre investigate strutture elettro-ottiche basate su grafene. Viene fabbricato e caratterizzato un condensatore grafene–isolante–grafene e la sua integrazione in guide d’onda fotoniche viene studiata attraverso modellazioni dettagliate. Posizionando il grafene in regioni ad elevata sovrapposizione del campo ottico e introducendo a-Si:H come ulteriore strato guidante, si ottengono, in simulazione, un’elevata modulazione elettro-assorbitiva e un funzionamento ad alta velocità. I dispositivi basati su grafene proposti dimostrano il potenziale di operare a velocità fino a 40 Gb/s, con ingombri ridotti e basso consumo energetico. In conclusione, questa tesi presenta concetti di dispositivo originali, strategie di fabbricazione ottimizzate e approcci di progettazione scalabili per switch fotonici integrati. La combinazione di strutture adiabatiche, interferometri basati su MMI e funzionalità elettro-ottiche abilitate dal grafene fornisce una piattaforma flessibile e robusta per futuri circuiti fotonici integrati riconfigurabili e sistemi di comunicazione ottica ad alta capacità.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOTONIC INTEGRATED SWITCH CIRCUITS FOR TELECOMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS / Hashemi, Babak. - (2026 Apr 28).
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOTONIC INTEGRATED SWITCH CIRCUITS FOR TELECOMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS
Hashemi, Babak
2026-04-28
Abstract
The rapid growth of optical communication networks and the widespread deployment of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) systems require compact, scalable, and energy-efficient photonic switches. Silicon photonics provides a mature and cost-effective platform for large-scale integration; however, designing optical switches that combine broadband operation, low power consumption, fabrication tolerance, and scalability remains challenging. This thesis addresses these challenges through the design, simulation, fabrication, and characterization of integrated photonic switches based on thermo-optic and graphene-enabled electro-optic effects. This work was carried out within the framework of the GrapHICS project (Graphene/a-Si:H Photonic Integrated Circuit Switch), which aims to develop a new photonic platform by combining standard silicon photonics with advanced materials such as graphene and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The final goal of the project is the realization of active, remotely reconfigurable optical switching matrices capable of replacing passive splitters in passive optical networks, thereby reducing operational costs and improving network flexibility and reliability. Several photonic switch architectures are investigated, including Mach–Zehnder interferometers, ring resonators, multimode interference (MMI) devices, and adiabatic structures. Through numerical comparison, adiabatic thermo-optic switches and MMI-based Mach–Zehnder thermo-optic switches are identified as the most suitable solutions for broadband and fabrication-tolerant operation. A key original contribution of this thesis is the proposal and detailed analysis of a novel adiabatic thermo-optic switch based on smoothly tapered waveguides. The adiabatic design ensures gradual mode evolution, resulting in low optical loss and reduced sensitivity to wavelength and polarization variations. Simulation results demonstrate efficient switching for both TE and TM polarizations across the C- and L-bands, with low insertion loss, high extinction ratio, and moderate power consumption. The optimized adiabatic switch is then used as a basic building block for the design of scalable optical switching matrices. Using an S-parameter-based modeling approach and system-level simulations, complete 2×2 and 4×4 switch matrices are designed and analyzed, demonstrating the feasibility of extending the architecture toward larger N×N configurations suitable for telecommunication applications. In parallel, an MMI-based Mach–Zehnder thermo-optic switch is designed, fabricated, and experimentally characterized. The fabrication process is developed and optimized in a cleanroom environment using silicon-on-insulator technology and laser-writer photolithography. To achieve high-quality waveguides, a Bosch deep reactive ion etching process is adopted, enabling accurate dimensional control and vertical sidewalls. Optical measurements confirm broadband operation and thermo-optic switching behavior in good agreement with simulations. To overcome the speed limitations of thermo-optic devices, graphene-based electro-optic structures are also investigated. A graphene–insulator–graphene capacitor is fabricated and characterized, and its integration into photonic waveguides is studied through detailed modeling. By positioning graphene in regions of high optical field overlap and introducing a-Si:H as an additional guiding layer, enhanced electro-absorption modulation and high-speed operation are achieved in simulation. The proposed graphene-based devices demonstrate the potential to operate at data rates up to 40 Gb/s with compact footprints and reduced power consumption. In conclusion, this thesis presents original device concepts, optimized fabrication strategies, and scalable design approaches for integrated photonic switches. The combination of adiabatic structures, MMI-based interferometers, and graphene-enabled electro-optic functionality provides a flexible and robust platform for future reconfigurable photonic integrated circuits and high-capacity optical communication systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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