Plants are associated with complex and dynamic microbial communities that play a key role in regulating plant health, growth and resilience. However, the structure and function of these communities are highly sensitive to biotic and abiotic disturbances, which can strongly influence microbiome assembly and functional outcomes. Investigating how plant-associated microbial communities assemble and respond to biotic and abiotic disturbances, and how these processes influence microbiome functionality and plant health, is therefore crucial for the development of effective microbiome-based solutions. First, through a literature review, we discussed our understanding of plant health under global environmental change and within the emerging paradigm of holobiont biology. This review focuses on novel challenges that fall outside traditional ‘one pathogen-one disease’ framework, and how microbiome-based strategies can be a promising tool for improving plant resilience, reducing dependence on agrochemicals and supporting more sustainable agriculture. Second, we investigated how different levels of abiotic soil disturbance influenced the assembly of root-associated fungal communities. The results showed that increasing disturbance reduced microbiome network stability, with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi playing a major role in the stability of microbiome co-occurrence networks. Third, we showed that belowground biotic disturbance induces pathogen-specific shifts in the phyllosphere bacterial community community structure, assembly processes and microbial interaction networks. These systemic responses included a reduction in network robustness and the selective enrichment of distinct microbial taxa, indicating that plants actively modulated their aboveground microbiome in response to different belowground pathogens, even in the absence of visible symptoms. Lastly, the functional design of microbiome-based solutions was addressed through the design of Synthetic Microbial Communities (SynComs). Selected consortia were evaluated in vivo on tomato plants inoculated with Phytophthora nicotianae, showing that in vitro antagonism and plant-growth promoting traits alone do not reliably predict disease suppressions, as only one SynCom provided consistent protection. Our results highlighted both the potential and current limitations of SynComs-based strategies, emphasizing the need for more integrative and predictive approaches. This thesis demonstrates that plant-associated microbial communities respond heterogeneously to biotic and abiotic disturbances, affecting their capacity to support beneficial functions. This work further highlighted that microbiome-based approaches designed solely on the exposure to beneficial microorganisms are insufficient without considering assembly dynamics and interactions. Overall, this thesis opened new perspective for future research aimed at improving the design of microbiome-based solutions, ultimately supporting more sustainable plant production and reducing dependence on agrochemicals.
Le piante sono associate a comunità microbiche complesse e dinamiche che svolgono un ruolo chiave nella regolazione della salute, della crescita e della resilienza delle piante. Tuttavia, la struttura e la funzione di queste comunità sono altamente sensibili ai disturbi biotici e abiotici, che possono influenzare fortemente l'assemblaggio del microbioma e i risultati funzionali. Comprendere come i microbiomi delle piante rispondono ai disturbi è quindi fondamentale per lo sviluppo di soluzioni efficaci basate sul microbioma. In primo luogo, attraverso una revisione della letteratura abbiamo sintetizzato le conoscenze attuali sulla salute delle piante nel contesto dei cambiamenti ambientali globali all'interno del paradigma emergente della biologia degli olobionti. Questa revisione si è concentrata su sfide che esulano dai tradizionali schemi “un patogeno-una malattia”, tra cui sindromi vegetali complesse, malattie emergenti e microbiomi vegetali disbiotici. In questa revisione, le strategie basate sul microbioma sono state discusse come strumenti promettenti per migliorare la resilienza delle piante, ridurre la dipendenza dai prodotti agrochimici e sostenere un'agricoltura più sostenibile con l'adozione della biologia degli olobionti come chiave per interpretare la salute delle piante nel contesto dei cambiamenti ambientali globali. In secondo luogo, abbiamo studiato come diversi livelli di disturbo abiotico del suolo influenzassero l'assemblaggio e la robustezza delle comunità fungine associate alle radici. I risultati hanno mostrato che l'aumento del disturbo riduceva la stabilità della rete del microbioma. In terzo luogo, abbiamo dimostrato che i disturbi biotici radicali inducono cambiamenti specifici per patogeno nella struttura della comunità, nei processi di assemblaggio e nelle reti di interazione microbica. Queste risposte sistemiche includevano una riduzione della robustezza della rete e l'arricchimento selettivo di taxa microbici distinti, indicando che le piante modulavano attivamente il loro microbioma aereo in risposta a diversi patogeni sotterranei, anche in assenza di sintomi visibili. Infine, la progettazione funzionale di soluzioni basate sul microbioma è stata affrontata attraverso lo sviluppo e l'implementazione di comunità microbiche sintetiche (SynComs). I consorzi selezionati sono stati valutati in vivo su piante di pomodoro inoculate con Phytophthora nicotianae, dimostrando che l'antagonismo in vitro e le caratteristiche di promozione della crescita delle piante da sole non sono in grado di prevedere in modo affidabile la soppressione delle malattie, poiché solo una SynCom ha fornito una protezione costante. I nostri risultati hanno evidenziato sia il potenziale che gli attuali limiti delle strategie basate sui SynComs, sottolineando la necessità di approcci più integrativi e predittivi. Questa tesi ha dimostrato che le comunità microbiche associate alle piante rispondono in modo eterogeneo ai disturbi biotici e abiotici, influenzando la loro capacità di supportare le funzioni benefiche delle piante. Questo lavoro ha inoltre evidenziato che gli approcci basati sul microbioma che si basano solo sull'introduzione di microrganismi benefici sono insufficienti se non si considerano le dinamiche di assemblaggio e le interazioni. Nel complesso, questa tesi ha aperto nuove prospettive per la ricerca futura volta a migliorare la progettazione di soluzioni basate sul microbioma, sostenendo in ultima analisi una produzione vegetale più sostenibile e riducendo la dipendenza dai prodotti agrochimici.
PLANT MICROBIOME ASSEMBLY IN RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE AND THE FUNCTIONAL DESIGN OF MICROBIOME-BASED SOLUTIONS / Francomano, E.. - (2026 Sep 23).
PLANT MICROBIOME ASSEMBLY IN RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE AND THE FUNCTIONAL DESIGN OF MICROBIOME-BASED SOLUTIONS
Francomano, Edda
2026-09-23
Abstract
Plants are associated with complex and dynamic microbial communities that play a key role in regulating plant health, growth and resilience. However, the structure and function of these communities are highly sensitive to biotic and abiotic disturbances, which can strongly influence microbiome assembly and functional outcomes. Investigating how plant-associated microbial communities assemble and respond to biotic and abiotic disturbances, and how these processes influence microbiome functionality and plant health, is therefore crucial for the development of effective microbiome-based solutions. First, through a literature review, we discussed our understanding of plant health under global environmental change and within the emerging paradigm of holobiont biology. This review focuses on novel challenges that fall outside traditional ‘one pathogen-one disease’ framework, and how microbiome-based strategies can be a promising tool for improving plant resilience, reducing dependence on agrochemicals and supporting more sustainable agriculture. Second, we investigated how different levels of abiotic soil disturbance influenced the assembly of root-associated fungal communities. The results showed that increasing disturbance reduced microbiome network stability, with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi playing a major role in the stability of microbiome co-occurrence networks. Third, we showed that belowground biotic disturbance induces pathogen-specific shifts in the phyllosphere bacterial community community structure, assembly processes and microbial interaction networks. These systemic responses included a reduction in network robustness and the selective enrichment of distinct microbial taxa, indicating that plants actively modulated their aboveground microbiome in response to different belowground pathogens, even in the absence of visible symptoms. Lastly, the functional design of microbiome-based solutions was addressed through the design of Synthetic Microbial Communities (SynComs). Selected consortia were evaluated in vivo on tomato plants inoculated with Phytophthora nicotianae, showing that in vitro antagonism and plant-growth promoting traits alone do not reliably predict disease suppressions, as only one SynCom provided consistent protection. Our results highlighted both the potential and current limitations of SynComs-based strategies, emphasizing the need for more integrative and predictive approaches. This thesis demonstrates that plant-associated microbial communities respond heterogeneously to biotic and abiotic disturbances, affecting their capacity to support beneficial functions. This work further highlighted that microbiome-based approaches designed solely on the exposure to beneficial microorganisms are insufficient without considering assembly dynamics and interactions. Overall, this thesis opened new perspective for future research aimed at improving the design of microbiome-based solutions, ultimately supporting more sustainable plant production and reducing dependence on agrochemicals.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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