At the global level, approximately one third of total greenhouse gas emissions is attributable to agri-food systems. The activities involved include agricultural and livestock production, biomass combustion, land-use change (primarily driven by deforestation), as well as the entire agri-food supply chain, from pre- and post-production processes to retail activities. Household consumption and waste management further contribute to these emissions. Within the agri-food sector, greenhouse gas emissions increased by 21% between 2021 and 2023, reaching 16.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Gt CO₂-eq) in 2023. Over the last few decades, Emission Reduction Technologies (ERTs) have arisen to assist agricultural growth by increasing productivity, expanding cultivated areas, and increasing livestock numbers. These methods primarily aim to increase soil carbon sequestration, reduce soil disturbance, and improve nutrient-use efficiency. In parallel, novel technologies such as agrivoltaics are gaining popularity, with the goal of combining solar energy generation and agricultural land use. Another example of a sustainable approach to agricultural production is the use of intelligent and environmentally friendly greenhouses. In a wider agricultural context, the integration of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics, wind, geothermal energy, and biomass with protected food production systems is a critical pathway toward the energy transition that the European Union has been seeking for several decades. Within this framework, the present research project, carried out as part of the Ph.D. Program in Agricultural, Food, and Forestry Sciences and funded by the Italian Government through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR, within the EU’s Next Generation EU program), enabled the development of advanced knowledge and skills in the design of smart and sustainable greenhouses. These systems are intended to address challenges related to climate change, sustainability, and the growing demand for food and energy. The main objective of this thesis is to define design techniques for smart greenhouses and to identify appropriate technological solutions to improve the sustainability of future food production under Mediterranean conditions. This objective was pursued by considering several key aspects, including the integration of renewable energy sources into agricultural systems particularly agrivoltaics and its application to greenhouses; soilless cultivation technologies, such as aeroponics and hydroponics, aimed at increasing productivity and food quality while assessing the sustainability of these systems; and the implementation of high-performance technical solutions for protected crops. These include the integration of intelligent technological systems for autonomous environmental factor management, the application of novel climate regulation materials, and sophisticated microclimate management tools. The design of smart greenhouses necessitates an integrated approach that balances agronomic, structural, and energy considerations. Photovoltaic greenhouses are fundamental to the concept of dual land use, as they combine energy production with agricultural activity. Roof design and material choices are critical for maximizing solar radiation while lowering energy use. These greenhouses combine renewable energy systems with monitoring and automation tools to improve microclimate, watering, ventilation, and lighting. The adoption and evaluation of sustainable cultivation systems in indoor greenhouses, such as soilless systems, enabled the comparison of different growing techniques. Among these, aeroponics demonstrated superior performance in terms of both yield and quality, confirming the effectiveness of soilless cultivation in enhancing agricultural productivity. From an environmental perspective, aeroponic systems also exhibited a lower impact than conventional greenhouse-based agricultural systems, resulting in reduced emissions and a more balanced use of resources. The implementation of high-performance technical solutions for protected cultivation, through the integration of intelligent systems within greenhouse structures and advanced microclimate control tools, represents a fundamental element in greenhouse design and plant growth. A significant example is the integration of innovative materials in experimental greenhouses which, when combined with automated systems, enabled effective regulation of light transmission, achieving reductions of up to 65%. In support of these materials, microclimate management was further addressed through the application of innovative design solutions implemented in an aeroponic greenhouse, with the aim of predicting irrigation and ventilation requirements necessary to control the internal climate. Overall, the design of a smart and sustainable greenhouse must consider a variety of factors, including cultivation methods to improve crop quality and quantity, microclimate management to support plant growth (which is heavily influenced by construction materials and their properties), and analytical tools for proper irrigation, heating, and cooling system sizing, as well as environmental impact assessments. This thesis examines these contemporary difficulties with the intention of contributing to the EU's objectives supported through policies for ecological transition and environmental resilience, aiming to mitigate climate change and promote environmental sustainability.
A livello globale, circa un terzo delle emissioni totali di gas serra è attribuibile ai sistemi agroalimentari. Le attività coinvolte comprendono la produzione agricola e zootecnica, la combustione di biomassa, i cambiamenti nell’uso del suolo (principalmente determinati dalla deforestazione), nonché l’intera filiera agroalimentare, dai processi di pre- e post-produzione fino alle attività di vendita al dettaglio. A queste si aggiungono il consumo domestico e la gestione dei rifiuti, che contribuiscono ulteriormente alle emissioni. Nel settore agroalimentare, le emissioni di gas serra sono aumentate del 21% tra il 2021 e il 2023, raggiungendo 16,5 miliardi di tonnellate di anidride carbonica equivalente (Gt CO₂-eq) nel 2023. Negli ultimi decenni, sono emerse le Tecnologie di Riduzione delle Emissioni (Emission Reduction Technologies, ERTs), finalizzate a supportare la crescita agricola attraverso l’aumento della produttività, l’espansione delle superfici coltivate e l’incremento del numero di capi allevati. Tali approcci mirano principalmente ad aumentare il sequestro del carbonio nel suolo, a ridurre il disturbo del suolo e a migliorare l’efficienza nell’uso dei nutrienti. Parallelamente, tecnologie innovative come l’agrivoltaico stanno acquisendo crescente diffusione, con l’obiettivo di combinare la produzione di energia solare con l’uso agricolo del suolo. Un ulteriore esempio di approccio sostenibile alla produzione agricola è rappresentato dall’impiego di serre intelligenti ed ecocompatibili. In un contesto agricolo più ampio, l’integrazione di fonti energetiche rinnovabili quali il fotovoltaico, l’eolico, la geotermia e la biomassa con sistemi di produzione alimentare protetta costituisce un percorso fondamentale verso la transizione energetica che l’Unione Europea persegue da diversi decenni. In questo quadro si inserisce il presente progetto di ricerca, svolto nell’ambito del Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali e finanziato dal Governo italiano attraverso il Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR, nell’ambito del programma Next Generation EU), che ha consentito lo sviluppo di conoscenze e competenze avanzate nella progettazione di serre intelligenti e sostenibili. Tali sistemi sono concepiti per affrontare le sfide legate al cambiamento climatico, alla sostenibilità e alla crescente domanda di cibo ed energia. L’obiettivo principale della tesi è definire tecniche di progettazione per serre intelligenti e individuare soluzioni tecnologiche adeguate per migliorare la sostenibilità della futura produzione alimentare in condizioni mediterranee. Tale obiettivo è stato perseguito considerando diversi aspetti chiave, tra cui l’integrazione delle fonti di energia rinnovabile nei sistemi agricoli in particolare l’agrivoltaico e la sua applicazione alle serre, le tecnologie di coltivazione fuori suolo, come l’aeroponica e l’idroponica, finalizzate all’aumento della produttività e della qualità degli alimenti, valutando al contempo la sostenibilità di tali sistemi, e l’implementazione di soluzioni tecniche ad alte prestazioni per le colture protette. Queste includono l’integrazione di sistemi tecnologici intelligenti per la gestione autonoma dei fattori ambientali, l’applicazione di materiali innovativi per la regolazione climatica e strumenti avanzati per la gestione del microclima. La progettazione delle serre intelligenti richiede un approccio integrato in grado di bilanciare aspetti agronomici, strutturali ed energetici. Le serre fotovoltaiche risultano fondamentali nel concetto di uso duale del suolo, in quanto combinano la produzione energetica con l’attività agricola. La progettazione delle coperture e la scelta dei materiali rivestono un ruolo cruciale per massimizzare la radiazione solare e ridurre i consumi energetici. Queste serre integrano sistemi di energia rinnovabile con strumenti di monitoraggio e automazione per migliorare la gestione del microclima, dell’irrigazione, della ventilazione e dell’illuminazione. L’adozione e la valutazione di sistemi di coltivazione sostenibili in serre indoor, quali i sistemi fuori suolo, hanno consentito il confronto tra diverse tecniche colturali. Tra queste, l’aeroponica ha dimostrato prestazioni superiori sia in termini di resa sia di qualità, confermando l’efficacia delle coltivazioni fuori suolo nel migliorare la produttività agricola. Dal punto di vista ambientale, i sistemi aeroponici hanno inoltre evidenziato un impatto inferiore rispetto ai sistemi agricoli tradizionali in serra, determinando una riduzione delle emissioni e un uso più equilibrato delle risorse. L’implementazione di soluzioni tecniche ad alte prestazioni per la coltivazione protetta, attraverso l’integrazione di sistemi intelligenti nelle strutture serricole e di strumenti avanzati per il controllo del microclima, rappresenta un elemento fondamentale nella progettazione delle serre e nello sviluppo delle piante. Un esempio significativo è l’integrazione di materiali innovativi in serre sperimentali che, in combinazione con sistemi automatizzati, hanno consentito una regolazione efficace della trasmissione luminosa, con riduzioni fino al 65%. A supporto di tali materiali, la gestione del microclima è stata ulteriormente affrontata mediante l’applicazione di soluzioni progettuali innovative implementate in una serra aeroponica, con l’obiettivo di prevedere i fabbisogni di irrigazione e ventilazione necessari al controllo del clima interno. Nel complesso, la progettazione di una serra intelligente e sostenibile deve tenere conto di molteplici fattori, tra cui i metodi di coltivazione per migliorare la qualità e la quantità delle colture, la gestione del microclima a supporto della crescita delle piante fortemente influenzata dai materiali costruttivi e dalle loro proprietà, nonché strumenti analitici per il corretto dimensionamento dei sistemi di irrigazione, riscaldamento e raffrescamento, unitamente a valutazioni di impatto ambientale. La presente tesi analizza queste sfide contemporanee con l’intento di contribuire agli obiettivi dell’Unione Europea, sostenuti da politiche di transizione ecologica e resilienza ambientale, finalizzate alla mitigazione del cambiamento climatico e alla promozione della sostenibilità ambientale.
Smart and Sustainable Greenhouses / Impallomeni, G.. - (2026 Sep 09).
Smart and Sustainable Greenhouses
Gabriella Impallomeni
2026-09-09
Abstract
At the global level, approximately one third of total greenhouse gas emissions is attributable to agri-food systems. The activities involved include agricultural and livestock production, biomass combustion, land-use change (primarily driven by deforestation), as well as the entire agri-food supply chain, from pre- and post-production processes to retail activities. Household consumption and waste management further contribute to these emissions. Within the agri-food sector, greenhouse gas emissions increased by 21% between 2021 and 2023, reaching 16.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Gt CO₂-eq) in 2023. Over the last few decades, Emission Reduction Technologies (ERTs) have arisen to assist agricultural growth by increasing productivity, expanding cultivated areas, and increasing livestock numbers. These methods primarily aim to increase soil carbon sequestration, reduce soil disturbance, and improve nutrient-use efficiency. In parallel, novel technologies such as agrivoltaics are gaining popularity, with the goal of combining solar energy generation and agricultural land use. Another example of a sustainable approach to agricultural production is the use of intelligent and environmentally friendly greenhouses. In a wider agricultural context, the integration of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics, wind, geothermal energy, and biomass with protected food production systems is a critical pathway toward the energy transition that the European Union has been seeking for several decades. Within this framework, the present research project, carried out as part of the Ph.D. Program in Agricultural, Food, and Forestry Sciences and funded by the Italian Government through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR, within the EU’s Next Generation EU program), enabled the development of advanced knowledge and skills in the design of smart and sustainable greenhouses. These systems are intended to address challenges related to climate change, sustainability, and the growing demand for food and energy. The main objective of this thesis is to define design techniques for smart greenhouses and to identify appropriate technological solutions to improve the sustainability of future food production under Mediterranean conditions. This objective was pursued by considering several key aspects, including the integration of renewable energy sources into agricultural systems particularly agrivoltaics and its application to greenhouses; soilless cultivation technologies, such as aeroponics and hydroponics, aimed at increasing productivity and food quality while assessing the sustainability of these systems; and the implementation of high-performance technical solutions for protected crops. These include the integration of intelligent technological systems for autonomous environmental factor management, the application of novel climate regulation materials, and sophisticated microclimate management tools. The design of smart greenhouses necessitates an integrated approach that balances agronomic, structural, and energy considerations. Photovoltaic greenhouses are fundamental to the concept of dual land use, as they combine energy production with agricultural activity. Roof design and material choices are critical for maximizing solar radiation while lowering energy use. These greenhouses combine renewable energy systems with monitoring and automation tools to improve microclimate, watering, ventilation, and lighting. The adoption and evaluation of sustainable cultivation systems in indoor greenhouses, such as soilless systems, enabled the comparison of different growing techniques. Among these, aeroponics demonstrated superior performance in terms of both yield and quality, confirming the effectiveness of soilless cultivation in enhancing agricultural productivity. From an environmental perspective, aeroponic systems also exhibited a lower impact than conventional greenhouse-based agricultural systems, resulting in reduced emissions and a more balanced use of resources. The implementation of high-performance technical solutions for protected cultivation, through the integration of intelligent systems within greenhouse structures and advanced microclimate control tools, represents a fundamental element in greenhouse design and plant growth. A significant example is the integration of innovative materials in experimental greenhouses which, when combined with automated systems, enabled effective regulation of light transmission, achieving reductions of up to 65%. In support of these materials, microclimate management was further addressed through the application of innovative design solutions implemented in an aeroponic greenhouse, with the aim of predicting irrigation and ventilation requirements necessary to control the internal climate. Overall, the design of a smart and sustainable greenhouse must consider a variety of factors, including cultivation methods to improve crop quality and quantity, microclimate management to support plant growth (which is heavily influenced by construction materials and their properties), and analytical tools for proper irrigation, heating, and cooling system sizing, as well as environmental impact assessments. This thesis examines these contemporary difficulties with the intention of contributing to the EU's objectives supported through policies for ecological transition and environmental resilience, aiming to mitigate climate change and promote environmental sustainability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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