Agrifood production is a cornerstone of the Mediterranean region and has evolved continuously from ancient civilizations to the present day. Despite its long-standing importance, the sector is currently facing intertwined environmental, social, and economic challenges, underscoring the urgent need for more sustainable Mediterranean agrifood systems across all their components. This doctoral research addresses these challenges by investigating innovative approaches for improving agrifood systems, with a particular focus on a critical yet underexplored element: agrifood buildings. To this end, existing building sustainability assessment tools were applied to different agrifood facilities, namely a commercial greenhouse and an olive mill. LEED and SBTool were selected due to their widespread international adoption. The results demonstrate that comprehensive evaluation of agrifood building performance is essential for identifying critical weaknesses that may adversely affect environmental protection, product quality, and occupants’ health and comfort. In particular, the application of SBTool, rather than a conventional life cycle assessment (LCA) approach typically used for greenhouses, revealed the added value of building assessment tools in providing a more holistic evaluation that integrates environmental, socio-economic, and operational dimensions. Nevertheless, the findings also highlight the need to further adapt and refine these tools to better address agrifood specific issues, especially those related to food safety, product quality, and their interaction with the built environment. The accuracy of environmental impact evaluations derived from building assessment tools was further examined through the integration of new technologies and digital models. Building Information Modeling (BIM) models of an olive mill were developed using documentation provided by managers and stakeholders, complemented by on-site photographic surveys. These models were used to assess the strengths and limitations of adaptive reuse strategies in the agrifood sector by comparing energy use intensity, embodied carbon, and spatial layout. While the reuse of existing structures offers clear environmental benefits, the results indicate that additional attention is required to ensure functional performance, aesthetic integration between old and new construction elements, material quality and sustainability in renovated sections, and overall design coherence. To further investigate the role of advanced technologies in improving the environmental performance of agrifood buildings, this research proposes a comprehensive methodological framework that integrates UAV-based photogrammetry, laser scanning, BIM modeling, LCA, and microclimate simulations. Application of this framework to an olive mill demonstrated significant embodied emissions and notable contributions to local heat island effects, highlighting the importance of material selection, design strategies, and landscape integration in improving thermal comfort and sustainability. Comparisons with LEED assessment outcomes revealed inconsistencies between certification-based evaluations and detailed simulation results, emphasizing the need to embed digital modeling tools more systematically within green building assessment frameworks. This methodology is transferable to other agrifood facility types and can support the development of a comprehensive performance database for establishing environmental benchmarks and building classification systems. Furthermore, the integration of advanced technologies such as digital twins for real-time monitoring represents a promising pathway for better understanding interactions among buildings, workers, and products in both indoor and outdoor agrifood environments. Based on the application of multiple assessment tools and methodologies across diverse case studies, this doctoral research proposes a tailored sustainability assessment framework for agrifood buildings. The proposed tool encompasses the three pillars of sustainability while explicitly integrating food safety considerations, including the interactions between building materials, food products, occupants, and the surrounding environment. The framework extends the Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design (SSbD) concept—originally developed for chemicals and advanced materials—to the built environment, with specific application to agrifood infrastructure. It aims to guide improved building practices and enable continuous performance enhancement through systematic management and monitoring across the design, operation, and management phases. Finally, the research addresses a major limitation of traditional food safety assessments, which are often time-consuming, destructive, and unsuitable for continuous monitoring. Laboratory-based analyses may require hours or days to deliver results, during which contamination or spoilage can progress, particularly in food storage environments. As an alternative, this work demonstrates the feasibility of contactless food spoilage monitoring using continuous measurements of air-quality parameters (TVOC, AQI, and CO₂). A MATLAB-based alert algorithm successfully detected the earliest significant deviation from normal storage conditions, effectively signaling the onset of spoilage. These results confirm that air composition changes can serve as early-warning indicators of food deterioration without direct contact with the product, responding to the growing demand for non-invasive, hygienic, and continuous monitoring solutions in modern food storage and distribution systems.
La produzione agroalimentare rappresenta un pilastro fondamentale della regione mediterranea e si è evoluta in modo continuo dalle civiltà antiche fino ai giorni nostri. Nonostante la sua importanza storica, il settore è attualmente esposto a sfide ambientali, sociali ed economiche interconnesse, che evidenziano l’urgenza di sviluppare sistemi agroalimentari mediterranei più sostenibili in tutte le loro componenti. Questa ricerca dottorale affronta tali sfide indagando approcci innovativi per il miglioramento dei sistemi agroalimentari, con particolare attenzione a un elemento critico ma ancora poco esplorato: gli edifici agroalimentari. A tal fine, sono stati applicati strumenti esistenti di valutazione della sostenibilità edilizia a differenti tipologie di strutture agroalimentari, nello specifico una serra commerciale e un frantoio oleario. Sono stati selezionati i protocolli LEED e SBTool in virtù della loro ampia diffusione a livello internazionale. I risultati dimostrano che una valutazione completa delle prestazioni degli edifici agroalimentari è essenziale per individuare criticità che possono incidere negativamente sulla tutela ambientale, sulla qualità dei prodotti e sulla salute e il comfort degli occupanti. In particolare, l’applicazione di SBTool, in luogo del tradizionale approccio di analisi del ciclo di vita (Life Cycle Assessment, LCA) comunemente utilizzato per le serre, ha evidenziato il valore aggiunto degli strumenti di valutazione edilizia nel fornire un’analisi più olistica, capace di integrare dimensioni ambientali, socio-economiche e operative. Tuttavia, i risultati mettono anche in luce la necessità di un ulteriore adattamento e affinamento di tali strumenti per rispondere in modo più efficace alle specificità del settore agroalimentare, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la sicurezza alimentare, la qualità dei prodotti e la loro interazione con l’ambiente costruito. L’accuratezza delle valutazioni degli impatti ambientali derivate dagli strumenti di valutazione edilizia è stata ulteriormente esaminata attraverso l’integrazione di nuove tecnologie e modelli digitali. Sono stati sviluppati modelli di Building Information Modeling (BIM) di un frantoio oleario sulla base della documentazione fornita da gestori e portatori di interesse, integrata da rilievi fotografici in sito. Tali modelli sono stati utilizzati per valutare punti di forza e limiti delle strategie di riuso adattivo nel settore agroalimentare, mediante il confronto tra intensità di consumo energetico, carbonio incorporato e configurazione spaziale. Sebbene il riuso di strutture esistenti offra evidenti benefici ambientali, i risultati indicano la necessità di una maggiore attenzione alle prestazioni funzionali, all’integrazione estetica tra elementi costruttivi nuovi ed esistenti, alla qualità e sostenibilità dei materiali impiegati nelle parti rinnovate e alla coerenza complessiva del progetto. Per approfondire ulteriormente il ruolo delle tecnologie avanzate nel miglioramento delle prestazioni ambientali degli edifici agroalimentari, la ricerca propone un quadro metodologico integrato che combina fotogrammetria da UAV, laser scanning, modellazione BIM, LCA e simulazioni microclimatiche. L’applicazione di tale metodologia a un frantoio oleario ha evidenziato significative emissioni incorporate e contributi rilevanti agli effetti di isola di calore locale, sottolineando l’importanza della scelta dei materiali, delle strategie progettuali e dell’integrazione paesaggistica nel miglioramento del comfort termico e della sostenibilità complessiva. Il confronto con i risultati delle valutazioni LEED ha rivelato discrepanze tra le analisi basate sulla certificazione e i risultati ottenuti mediante simulazioni dettagliate, evidenziando la necessità di integrare in modo più sistematico gli strumenti di modellazione digitale all’interno dei quadri di valutazione degli edifici sostenibili. La metodologia proposta è trasferibile ad altre tipologie di strutture agroalimentari e può supportare la creazione di un database prestazionale completo, utile alla definizione di benchmark ambientali e di sistemi di classificazione edilizia. Inoltre, l’integrazione di tecnologie avanzate quali i digital twin per il monitoraggio in tempo reale rappresenta una prospettiva promettente per una migliore comprensione delle interazioni tra edifici, lavoratori e prodotti, sia negli ambienti agroalimentari interni sia in quelli esterni. Sulla base dell’applicazione di molteplici strumenti e metodologie di valutazione a diversi casi studio, questa ricerca dottorale propone un quadro di valutazione della sostenibilità specificamente adattato agli edifici agroalimentari. Lo strumento proposto comprende i tre pilastri della sostenibilità e integra esplicitamente le considerazioni legate alla sicurezza alimentare, includendo le interazioni tra materiali edilizi, prodotti alimentari, occupanti e ambiente circostante. Il quadro estende il concetto di Safe-and Sustainable-by-Design (SSbD), originariamente sviluppato per i prodotti chimici e i materiali avanzati, all’ambiente costruito, con particolare riferimento alle infrastrutture agroalimentari. Esso mira a orientare pratiche edilizie migliorative e a consentire un incremento continuo delle prestazioni attraverso una gestione e un monitoraggio sistematici nelle fasi di progettazione, esercizio e gestione. Infine, la ricerca affronta una delle principali limitazioni delle valutazioni tradizionali della sicurezza alimentare, spesso caratterizzate da procedure lunghe, distruttive e non idonee al monitoraggio continuo. Le analisi di laboratorio possono richiedere ore o giorni per fornire risultati, durante i quali i fenomeni di contaminazione o deterioramento possono progredire, in particolare negli ambienti di stoccaggio alimentare. In alternativa, il lavoro dimostra la fattibilità di un monitoraggio non a contatto del deterioramento degli alimenti mediante la misurazione continua di parametri di qualità dell’aria (TVOC, AQI e CO₂). Un algoritmo di allerta sviluppato in ambiente MATLAB è stato in grado di individuare tempestivamente le prime deviazioni significative dalle condizioni di stoccaggio normali, segnalando efficacemente l’insorgenza del deterioramento. Tali risultati confermano che le variazioni nella composizione dell’aria possono fungere da indicatori precoci del deterioramento alimentare senza contatto diretto con il prodotto, rispondendo alla crescente domanda di soluzioni di monitoraggio non invasive, igieniche e continue nei moderni sistemi di conservazione e distribuzione degli alimenti.
Tools and Models for the Sustainability Assessment of Agrifood Buildings / Kouka, D.. - (2026 Sep 09).
Tools and Models for the Sustainability Assessment of Agrifood Buildings
Dorra Kouka
2026-09-09
Abstract
Agrifood production is a cornerstone of the Mediterranean region and has evolved continuously from ancient civilizations to the present day. Despite its long-standing importance, the sector is currently facing intertwined environmental, social, and economic challenges, underscoring the urgent need for more sustainable Mediterranean agrifood systems across all their components. This doctoral research addresses these challenges by investigating innovative approaches for improving agrifood systems, with a particular focus on a critical yet underexplored element: agrifood buildings. To this end, existing building sustainability assessment tools were applied to different agrifood facilities, namely a commercial greenhouse and an olive mill. LEED and SBTool were selected due to their widespread international adoption. The results demonstrate that comprehensive evaluation of agrifood building performance is essential for identifying critical weaknesses that may adversely affect environmental protection, product quality, and occupants’ health and comfort. In particular, the application of SBTool, rather than a conventional life cycle assessment (LCA) approach typically used for greenhouses, revealed the added value of building assessment tools in providing a more holistic evaluation that integrates environmental, socio-economic, and operational dimensions. Nevertheless, the findings also highlight the need to further adapt and refine these tools to better address agrifood specific issues, especially those related to food safety, product quality, and their interaction with the built environment. The accuracy of environmental impact evaluations derived from building assessment tools was further examined through the integration of new technologies and digital models. Building Information Modeling (BIM) models of an olive mill were developed using documentation provided by managers and stakeholders, complemented by on-site photographic surveys. These models were used to assess the strengths and limitations of adaptive reuse strategies in the agrifood sector by comparing energy use intensity, embodied carbon, and spatial layout. While the reuse of existing structures offers clear environmental benefits, the results indicate that additional attention is required to ensure functional performance, aesthetic integration between old and new construction elements, material quality and sustainability in renovated sections, and overall design coherence. To further investigate the role of advanced technologies in improving the environmental performance of agrifood buildings, this research proposes a comprehensive methodological framework that integrates UAV-based photogrammetry, laser scanning, BIM modeling, LCA, and microclimate simulations. Application of this framework to an olive mill demonstrated significant embodied emissions and notable contributions to local heat island effects, highlighting the importance of material selection, design strategies, and landscape integration in improving thermal comfort and sustainability. Comparisons with LEED assessment outcomes revealed inconsistencies between certification-based evaluations and detailed simulation results, emphasizing the need to embed digital modeling tools more systematically within green building assessment frameworks. This methodology is transferable to other agrifood facility types and can support the development of a comprehensive performance database for establishing environmental benchmarks and building classification systems. Furthermore, the integration of advanced technologies such as digital twins for real-time monitoring represents a promising pathway for better understanding interactions among buildings, workers, and products in both indoor and outdoor agrifood environments. Based on the application of multiple assessment tools and methodologies across diverse case studies, this doctoral research proposes a tailored sustainability assessment framework for agrifood buildings. The proposed tool encompasses the three pillars of sustainability while explicitly integrating food safety considerations, including the interactions between building materials, food products, occupants, and the surrounding environment. The framework extends the Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design (SSbD) concept—originally developed for chemicals and advanced materials—to the built environment, with specific application to agrifood infrastructure. It aims to guide improved building practices and enable continuous performance enhancement through systematic management and monitoring across the design, operation, and management phases. Finally, the research addresses a major limitation of traditional food safety assessments, which are often time-consuming, destructive, and unsuitable for continuous monitoring. Laboratory-based analyses may require hours or days to deliver results, during which contamination or spoilage can progress, particularly in food storage environments. As an alternative, this work demonstrates the feasibility of contactless food spoilage monitoring using continuous measurements of air-quality parameters (TVOC, AQI, and CO₂). A MATLAB-based alert algorithm successfully detected the earliest significant deviation from normal storage conditions, effectively signaling the onset of spoilage. These results confirm that air composition changes can serve as early-warning indicators of food deterioration without direct contact with the product, responding to the growing demand for non-invasive, hygienic, and continuous monitoring solutions in modern food storage and distribution systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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