The economic development of the post-World War II era presented legal scholars with previously unknown problems that could not be fully addressed or managed with traditional legal instruments, thus requiring the identification of entirely innovative solutions and liability paradigms. Faced with the phenomenon of natural resource scarcity, a new economic model based on circularity has emerged, definable in a first approximation as "a model of production and consumption that implies sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible". This new model brings with it, among other things, the affirmation of the principle of sustainable development and the accountability of States for the intergenerational and intragenerational effects of their policies. This has led to legislative interventions in the so-called Environmental Code (Legislative Decree No. 152 of 3 April 2006) and to the constitutional reform of Articles 9 and 41 of the Constitution by Constitutional Law No. 1/2022. No less significant is the contribution of the European legislator, both through the waste directives, which have stimulated an interesting debate from the perspective of circularity connected to the qualification of waste as a res capable of becoming the object of property rights, and through the introduction of extended producer responsibility. This form of responsibility proves indispensable in the face of resource scarcity and in the interest of protecting final consumers, since it guarantees the satisfaction of consumption needs while respecting essential environmental interests. In particular, natural resource scarcity can be described as an environmental policy strategy aimed at transferring responsibility for waste management from the consumer to the producer, in order to promote sustainable production processes. Natural resource scarcity and environmental protection require not only a preventive intervention by the legislator, ensured through EPR systems, but also a subsequent intervention in cases of harm, ensured through producer liability, where the focus of protection shifts to the final consumer with regard to defective products and product safety. This is an instrument through which the legal system governs the relationship between productive activity, environmental protection and health protection, introducing a post factum remedial mechanism that shares with extended producer responsibility a common foundation in the principle of circularity. A significant influence of the European legislator is evident, as it has introduced a harmonised regime of producer liability, first with Directive 85/374/EEC and most recently with Directive EU 2024/2853 (for which the transposition deadline has not yet expired). The latter directive introduces new definitions of product and producer, eases the burden of proof on the injured party, revises the system of presumptions of defectiveness, and extends liability to digital platforms. Within this system, an important balancing of risk allocation between producer and end user takes place, well represented by the debate surrounding the so-called development risk clause, recently reformed by Directive 2024/2853, and regarding whether, according to a precautionary logic, the producer should also be liable for a scientifically uncertain risk attributable to it. The peculiarities of the agri-food system finally require a corrective to the traditional model of producer liability, a system that proves to be a privileged observatory for its structural peculiarities: the biological nature of products, the complexity of the supply chain, the close interaction between food safety and environmental protection, and the tension between technological innovation and the precautionary principle. The most original aspects of agricultural producer liability compared to the general model are examined: the notion of agricultural product following the extension made by Directive 99/34/EC, the relationship between product defect and unsafe food under Regulation EC 178/2002, the qualification of the producer in the supply chain in light of the case law on the Sudan 1 case, the mandatory traceability system and its connection with civil liability, and the subsidiary liability of the supplier. The foregoing reflections highlight the progressive integration between public and private law in the governance of the agri-food supply chain; the expansion of the temporal and subjective scope of producer liability to post commercialisation stages as well; the valorisation of supply chain logic as a systemic key to interpreting liability; and the reconfiguration of the social role of the agricultural entrepreneur as a steward of the sustainability of the biological cycle.
Lo sviluppo economico del secondo dopoguerra ha consegnato all’interprete problemi prima ignoti, non compiutamente affrontabili e gestibili con i tradizionali strumenti giuridici, imponendo l’individuazione di soluzioni e paradigmi di responsabilità del tutto innovativi. Dinnanzi al fenomeno della scarsità delle risorse naturali, di conseguenza, si sviluppa un nuovo modello economico fondato sulla circolarità, definibile in via di prima approssimazione come “un modello di produzione e consumo che implica condivisione, prestito, riutilizzo, riparazione, ricondizionamento e riciclo dei materiali e dei prodotti esistenti il più a lungo possibile”. A questo nuovo modello consegue, tra l’altro, l’affermazione del principio dello sviluppo sostenibile e la responsabilizzazione degli Stati per gli effetti intergenerazionali e intragenerazionali delle loro politiche. Da qui gli interventi normativi nel c.d. Codice dell’Ambiente (d.lgs. 3 aprile 2006, n. 152) e la riforma costituzionale degli artt. 9 e 41 Costituzione con legge costituzionale n. 1/2022. Non meno rilevante l’apporto del legislatore europeo sia con le direttive rifiuti che hanno stimolato un interessante dibattito nell’ottica della circolarità connessa alla qualificazione o meno del rifiuto come res suscettibile di divenire oggetto del diritto di proprietà, sia con l’introduzione della responsabilità estesa del produttore. Questa forma di responsabilità si impone come indefettibile dinnanzi alla scarsità delle risorse e in ottica di tutela dei consumatori finali dei prodotti, atteso che garantisce la soddisfazione delle istanze di consumo nel rispetto degli irrinunciabili interessi ambientali. In particolare, la scarsità delle risorse naturali è descrivibile come una strategia di politica ambientale volta a trasferire la responsabilità della gestione dei rifiuti dal consumatore al produttore per favorire processi produttivi sostenibili. La scarsità delle risorse naturali e la tutela ambientale impongono non solo un intervento preventivo da parte del legislatore, assicurato con i sistemi di E.P.R., ma anche un intervento successivo in caso di patologia, assicurato con la responsabilità del produttore, dove il focus della tutela si sposta sul consumatore finale garantito rispetto al prodotto difettoso e sulla sicurezza del prodotto. Si tratta di uno strumento attraverso cui l’ordinamento governa il rapporto tra attività produttiva, tutela dell’ambiente e tutela della salute, introducendo uno strumento di reazione post factum, che trova nel principio di circolarità il fondamento comune con la responsabilità estesa del produttore. Si assiste ad un’importante influenza del legislatore europeo, che si fa carico di introdurre un regime armonizzato in punto di responsabilità del produttore, dapprima con la direttiva 85/374/CEE e da ultimo con la direttiva Ue 2024/2853 (per quest’ultima non è ancora scaduto il termine di recepimento). Con la direttiva da ultimo citata vengono introdotte nuovi nozioni di prodotto e produttore, viene alleggerito l’onere della prova a carico del danneggiato, viene revisionato il sistema delle presunzioni di difettosità e viene estesa la responsabilità alle piattaforme digitali. In tale sistema si gioca un importante bilanciamento in tema di allocazione di rischi, tra produttore e utente finale, ben rappresentato dal dibattito intorno alla c.d. clausola di sviluppo, di recente riformata dalla direttiva 2024/2853, nonché riguardo all’opportunità che, secondo una logica precauzionale, il produttore risponda anche dinnanzi ad un rischio scientificamente incerto che ricada in capo ad egli. Le peculiarità del sistema agroalimentare, impongono, infine, un correttivo al tradizionale modello di responsabilità del produttore, sistema che si rivela un osservatorio privilegiato per le sue peculiarità strutturali: la natura biologica dei prodotti, la complessità della filiera, la stretta interazione tra sicurezza alimentare e tutela ambientale, la tensione tra innovazione tecnologica e principio di precauzione. Vengono analizzati i profili più originali della responsabilità del produttore agricolo rispetto al modello generale: la nozione di prodotto agricolo dopo l'estensione operata dalla Direttiva 99/34/CE, il rapporto tra difetto del prodotto e alimento non sicuro ai sensi del Reg. CE 178/2002, la qualificazione del produttore nella filiera alla luce della giurisprudenza sul caso Sudan 1, il sistema di rintracciabilità obbligatoria e il suo raccordo con la responsabilità civile, e la responsabilità sussidiaria del fornitore. Le riflessioni che precedono evidenziano la progressiva integrazione tra diritto pubblico e diritto privato nella governance della filiera agro-alimentare; l'estensione del perimetro temporale e soggettivo della responsabilità del produttore anche alle fasi post-commercializzazione; la valorizzazione della logica di filiera come chiave di lettura sistematica della responsabilità; e la riconfigurazione del ruolo sociale dell'imprenditore agricolo come custode della sostenibilità del ciclo biologico.
La responsabilità del produttore nell'ambito dell'economia circolare / Guerrera, M.. - (2026 Oct 21).
La responsabilità del produttore nell'ambito dell'economia circolare
Guerrera, Mariasofia
2026-10-21
Abstract
The economic development of the post-World War II era presented legal scholars with previously unknown problems that could not be fully addressed or managed with traditional legal instruments, thus requiring the identification of entirely innovative solutions and liability paradigms. Faced with the phenomenon of natural resource scarcity, a new economic model based on circularity has emerged, definable in a first approximation as "a model of production and consumption that implies sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible". This new model brings with it, among other things, the affirmation of the principle of sustainable development and the accountability of States for the intergenerational and intragenerational effects of their policies. This has led to legislative interventions in the so-called Environmental Code (Legislative Decree No. 152 of 3 April 2006) and to the constitutional reform of Articles 9 and 41 of the Constitution by Constitutional Law No. 1/2022. No less significant is the contribution of the European legislator, both through the waste directives, which have stimulated an interesting debate from the perspective of circularity connected to the qualification of waste as a res capable of becoming the object of property rights, and through the introduction of extended producer responsibility. This form of responsibility proves indispensable in the face of resource scarcity and in the interest of protecting final consumers, since it guarantees the satisfaction of consumption needs while respecting essential environmental interests. In particular, natural resource scarcity can be described as an environmental policy strategy aimed at transferring responsibility for waste management from the consumer to the producer, in order to promote sustainable production processes. Natural resource scarcity and environmental protection require not only a preventive intervention by the legislator, ensured through EPR systems, but also a subsequent intervention in cases of harm, ensured through producer liability, where the focus of protection shifts to the final consumer with regard to defective products and product safety. This is an instrument through which the legal system governs the relationship between productive activity, environmental protection and health protection, introducing a post factum remedial mechanism that shares with extended producer responsibility a common foundation in the principle of circularity. A significant influence of the European legislator is evident, as it has introduced a harmonised regime of producer liability, first with Directive 85/374/EEC and most recently with Directive EU 2024/2853 (for which the transposition deadline has not yet expired). The latter directive introduces new definitions of product and producer, eases the burden of proof on the injured party, revises the system of presumptions of defectiveness, and extends liability to digital platforms. Within this system, an important balancing of risk allocation between producer and end user takes place, well represented by the debate surrounding the so-called development risk clause, recently reformed by Directive 2024/2853, and regarding whether, according to a precautionary logic, the producer should also be liable for a scientifically uncertain risk attributable to it. The peculiarities of the agri-food system finally require a corrective to the traditional model of producer liability, a system that proves to be a privileged observatory for its structural peculiarities: the biological nature of products, the complexity of the supply chain, the close interaction between food safety and environmental protection, and the tension between technological innovation and the precautionary principle. The most original aspects of agricultural producer liability compared to the general model are examined: the notion of agricultural product following the extension made by Directive 99/34/EC, the relationship between product defect and unsafe food under Regulation EC 178/2002, the qualification of the producer in the supply chain in light of the case law on the Sudan 1 case, the mandatory traceability system and its connection with civil liability, and the subsidiary liability of the supplier. The foregoing reflections highlight the progressive integration between public and private law in the governance of the agri-food supply chain; the expansion of the temporal and subjective scope of producer liability to post commercialisation stages as well; the valorisation of supply chain logic as a systemic key to interpreting liability; and the reconfiguration of the social role of the agricultural entrepreneur as a steward of the sustainability of the biological cycle.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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