The research purpose of this paper is the one of examining the complex institution of the so-called non-conviction based confiscation, trying to shed light on the different ways of enforcing this type of confiscation, in the light of the most recent jurisprudential methods. The investigation starts from the meaning to be attributed to the word confiscation, a measure defined “multipurpose” by the Doctrine, as well as the meaning to be attributed to the pronunciation of condemnation, considering the divergence, not only ontological, between condemnation in the formal and substantial sense. Therefore, in the first chapter there is a careful reconnaissance of all the types of non-conviction based confiscations and their connection with the constitutional and supranational principles operating in the subject matter. Two main types of confiscation are immediately outlined within the first chapter: on the one hand, the “criminal” non-conviction based confiscation, that is the confiscation applied within the criminal trial with a sentence of acquittal and the preventive confiscation outlined in the Anti-Mafia Code, applied on the basis of an inadequate standard of proof. The first chapter is concluded with an investigation on the interaction between criminal trial and preventive proceedings. All this, in the light of the latest reforms which have concerned this subject in constant evolution, such as that conducted by Law No. 161 of 2017, which has introduced new types of non-conviction based confiscation in the Anti-Mafia Code, such as the confiscation for equivalent and in the Code of Criminal Procedure with Art. 578-bis of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which regulates the confiscation in case of extinguishment of offence in particular cases. Chapter II dealts in detail with the European legislative sources adopted on non-conviction based confiscation. With regard to the legislative instruments adopted, reference is made, in particular, to Directive 2014/12/EU and Regulation 2018 on non-conviction based confiscation. The survey on European regulatory interventions is the necessary premise to look into the most advanced foreign experiences in the field of non-conviction based confiscation and therefore: Germany, England, Ireland and America. The focus of the third chapter concerns the case law on the subject, both with regard to the so-called criminal and preventive non-conviction based confiscation. In particular, the reference is to the Italian and ECtHR case-law. The latter, in fact, has found itself ruling on non-conviction based confiscation multiple times, especially in the case of unlawful property confiscation following a sentence of extinguishment of offence by prescription. This is a special hypothesis of confiscation in the absence of a conviction which has led internal case law to identify the innovative institution of substantial conviction. This notation leads the investigation of the work, in the concluding remarks, to the de jure condendo reforms that are needed in the are of non-conviction based confiscation, from the visual angle of the ascertainment of liability. In fact, the research purpose is to analyse the chance of constructing a “preventive illicit” (illecito di prevenzione) as for the preventive confiscation, and to understand what is the substantial ascertainment of liability required (ultimately with the ruling of the ECtHR in the case G. I. E. M. and others, v. Italy, 2018) in order to enforce the criminal non-conviction based confiscation. To conclude, what seems to emerge is that the only possible reformation has to be made by law, especially because the case law cannot overcome the guarantees’ unsuitability.

La tesi si propone di esaminare il complesso istituto della c.d. “confisca in assenza di condanna”, provando a fare chiarezza sulle diverse modalità di applicazione di questa confisca, alla luce dei più recenti approdi giurisprudenziali. L’indagine prende avvio dal significato da attribuire alla parola confisca, misura definita concordemente “proteiforme” dalla dottrina, nonché del significato da attribuire alla pronuncia di condanna, considerata la divergenza, non solo ontologica, tra condanna in senso formale e sostanziale. Si procede, quindi, con una ricognizione attenta di tutte le confische senza condanna ed il raccordo con i principi costituzionali e sovranazionali operanti in soggetta materia. Si delineano, subito, all’interno del primo capitolo due principali tipologie di confisca: da un lato quella in assenza di condanna “penale” ossia la confisca applicata all’interno del processo penale che può essere pena, misura di sicurezza con sentenza di proscioglimento e la confisca di prevenzione di cui al Codice Antimafia, applicata sulla base di indizi e standard probatorio inadeguato. L’analisi si spinge oltre, nell’analisi di altri tipi, meno netti di confisca in assenza di condanna e si guarda al sistema della responsabilità degli enti per poi terminare il primo capitolo con un’indagine sulla interazione tra processo penale e procedimento di prevenzione. Il tutto, alla luce, delle ultime riforme che hanno riguardato tale materia, in costante evoluzione, quale quella condotta dalla legge n. 161 del 2017 la quale ha introdotto nuove ipotesi di confisca in assenza di condanna nel Codice Antimafia, quale quella per equivalente e nel codice di procedura penale con l’art. 578-bis c.p.p., che disciplina la confisca da estinzione del reato in casi particolari. Il capitolo II ha avuto oggetto l’approfondimento delle fonti legislative europee adottate in materia di confisca senza condanna, nonché degli organi impegnati in tale settore. Quanto agli strumenti legislativi adottati, ci si riferisce, in particolare, alla direttiva 2014/12/UE e al regolamento 2018 sulla confisca in assenza di condanna di cui l’art. 578-bis c.p.p. è chiara attuazione. Ne risulta, quindi, da un lato l’opera di armonizzazione intentata dal legislatore con lo strumento della direttiva; dall’altro quella di mutuo riconoscimento tra Stati membri di provvedimenti di confisca in assenza di condanna, attraverso lo strumento del regolamento, direttamente applicabile. L’indagine sugli interventi normativi europei consente di guardare alle esperienze straniere più avanzate nel campo della confisca in assenza di condanna e quindi: Germania, Inghilterra, Irlanda e America. Il tutto dall’angolo visuale della implementazione da parte degli Stati membri degli strumenti legislativi europei in detta materia. Il focus del terzo capitolo riguarda lo stato della giurisprudenza sul punto sia per quanto concerne la c.d. confisca senza condanna “penale”, che quella di prevenzione. Ci si concentra, in particolare, sugli approdi giurisprudenziali interni e su quelli della Corte Edu, particolarmente interessata da ricorsi in materia di confisca. Quest’ultima, infatti, si è trovata plurime volte a pronunciarsi sull’argomento, affrontando il problema della confisca senza condanna dal punto di vista “sostanziale”. Ed è proprio tale notazione a condurre l’indagine del lavoro, nelle note conclusive, alle prospettive de iure condendo in materia di confisca senza condanna, dall’angolo visuale dell’accertamento di responsabilità. L’attenzione, infatti, viene concentrata, quanto alla confisca di prevenzione, alla possibilità di costruire un illecito di prevenzione dal quale discenda l’applicazione della confisca di cui all’art. 24 del D.lgs. 159/2011 e, quanto alla confisca senza condanna “penale” all’accertamento sostanziale di responsabilità necessario per la sua applicazione, come da ultimo ribadito con la pronuncia della Corte Edu G.I.E.M. e altri c. Italia del 2018. Conclusivamente, ne emerge che le prospettive di riforma dell’istituto, pur nelle sue due anime penale e preventiva, debbano per forza passare da un puntuale intervento legislativo.

La confisca in assenza di condanna / Delfino, Rossana. - (2019 Apr 17).

La confisca in assenza di condanna

DELFINO, Rossana
2019-04-17

Abstract

The research purpose of this paper is the one of examining the complex institution of the so-called non-conviction based confiscation, trying to shed light on the different ways of enforcing this type of confiscation, in the light of the most recent jurisprudential methods. The investigation starts from the meaning to be attributed to the word confiscation, a measure defined “multipurpose” by the Doctrine, as well as the meaning to be attributed to the pronunciation of condemnation, considering the divergence, not only ontological, between condemnation in the formal and substantial sense. Therefore, in the first chapter there is a careful reconnaissance of all the types of non-conviction based confiscations and their connection with the constitutional and supranational principles operating in the subject matter. Two main types of confiscation are immediately outlined within the first chapter: on the one hand, the “criminal” non-conviction based confiscation, that is the confiscation applied within the criminal trial with a sentence of acquittal and the preventive confiscation outlined in the Anti-Mafia Code, applied on the basis of an inadequate standard of proof. The first chapter is concluded with an investigation on the interaction between criminal trial and preventive proceedings. All this, in the light of the latest reforms which have concerned this subject in constant evolution, such as that conducted by Law No. 161 of 2017, which has introduced new types of non-conviction based confiscation in the Anti-Mafia Code, such as the confiscation for equivalent and in the Code of Criminal Procedure with Art. 578-bis of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which regulates the confiscation in case of extinguishment of offence in particular cases. Chapter II dealts in detail with the European legislative sources adopted on non-conviction based confiscation. With regard to the legislative instruments adopted, reference is made, in particular, to Directive 2014/12/EU and Regulation 2018 on non-conviction based confiscation. The survey on European regulatory interventions is the necessary premise to look into the most advanced foreign experiences in the field of non-conviction based confiscation and therefore: Germany, England, Ireland and America. The focus of the third chapter concerns the case law on the subject, both with regard to the so-called criminal and preventive non-conviction based confiscation. In particular, the reference is to the Italian and ECtHR case-law. The latter, in fact, has found itself ruling on non-conviction based confiscation multiple times, especially in the case of unlawful property confiscation following a sentence of extinguishment of offence by prescription. This is a special hypothesis of confiscation in the absence of a conviction which has led internal case law to identify the innovative institution of substantial conviction. This notation leads the investigation of the work, in the concluding remarks, to the de jure condendo reforms that are needed in the are of non-conviction based confiscation, from the visual angle of the ascertainment of liability. In fact, the research purpose is to analyse the chance of constructing a “preventive illicit” (illecito di prevenzione) as for the preventive confiscation, and to understand what is the substantial ascertainment of liability required (ultimately with the ruling of the ECtHR in the case G. I. E. M. and others, v. Italy, 2018) in order to enforce the criminal non-conviction based confiscation. To conclude, what seems to emerge is that the only possible reformation has to be made by law, especially because the case law cannot overcome the guarantees’ unsuitability.
17-apr-2019
Settore IUS/09 - ISTITUZIONI DI DIRITTO PUBBLICO
SELVAGGI, Nicola
MANGANARO, Francesco
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/63598
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