A Pomegranate Peel Extract, named PGE, has been proposed as a natural antimicrobial substance with a wide spectrum of activity against several postharvest diseases. In the present project, the evaluation of the efficiency of the extract under large scale commercial conditions was conducted, together with a deep investigation on its mechanism of action and its antimicrobial activity against major foodborne pathogen. Under large-scale commercial conditions, the efficiency of PGE was evaluated against rots of Valencia orange and clementine. The extract, proved a significant higher level of protection compared to Imazalil (IMZ), a commonly used chemical fungicide for postharvest treatments. After cold storage and shelf life period, the incidences of decay on oranges sprayed just before harvest with PGE at 12, 6, and 3 g/l, was reduced by 78.9, 76.0, and 64.6%, respectively. Similarly, postharvest dipping treatments with PGE reduced rots by 90.2, 84.3, and 77.6%, respectively. Comparable levels of protection were also achieved on clementine treated before harvest. PGE treatments proved high antimicrobial activity with long persistence resulting in high reduction in losses, longer shelf life and enhancement of the fruit quality. Furthermore, the extract showed a strong antimicrobial activity against epiphytic bacterial and fungal population suggesting its possible use as sanitizers to reduce the microbial contamination of recirculated water in packinghouses. On the other hand, RNA-seq analyses, conducted on wounded orange fruit 0, 6, and 24 h after PGE applications, showed a significantly different transcriptome in treated oranges as compared to control samples. Our analysis showed a very quick response of gene expression (after 1h post treatment) accompanied by high up-regulation of genes (273 deferentially expressed gene). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed the involvement of 1233 gene ontology (GO) terms and 35 KEGG metabolic pathways. Among these, important defense pathways were induced and antibiotic biosynthesis was the most enriched one. These findings may explain the previously documented preventive and curative activity of PGE against plant diseases. Finally, the evaluation of the potential use of PGE as natural antimicrobial treatment to reduce the growth of foodborne pathogens using Listeria monocytogenes as a model pathogen in vitro and on fresh-cuts of melon, apple and pear, revealed high bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities of PGE. The in vitro results revealed that regardless of the tested concentration, PGE exerted a quick and high significant inhibitory activity against all the tested L. monocytogenes strains. Similarly, in vivo results also confirmed a strong antibacterial activity of the extract that significantly reduced the bacterial load on fresh-cut fruit and maintained the population at low levels throughout the storage period. The findings of the present study will incorporate new knowledge on the potential use of PGE as potent alternative control mean against wide range of pathogens and will particularly contribute to the already ongoing process to register a commercial formulation of PGE.

Il progetto di ricerca riguarda lo studio di un estratto di buccia di melograno, denominato PGE (acronimo del nome inglese “PomeGranate peel Extract”), come mezzo di lotta alternativo contro svariati agenti di marciumi dei frutti nella fase post-raccolta. Nel corso dello studio vengono valutate sia le potenzialità applicative dell’estratto, saggiandolo in differenti condizioni commerciali di larga scala, sia i meccanismi di azione e l’attività antimicrobica nei confronti dei principali patogeni del post-raccolta. I risultati di questo studio mostrano l’elevata efficacia del PGE nella difesa post-raccolta di arance Valencia e clementine in condizioni commerciali di larga scala. Infatti, l’estratto ha mostrato un’azione protettiva significativamente superiore all’Imazalil, un fungicida largamente adoperato per la difesa degli agrumi in post-raccolta. L’incidenza dei marciumi sui frutti trattati immediatamente prima della raccolta e sottoposti a frigoconservazione e successiva shelf life è stata ridotta del 78.9, 76.0, e 64.6% , dal PGE rispettivamente alle concentrazioni di 12, 6 e 3 g/litro. Analogamente per quanto riguarda i trattamenti per immersione dei frutti in post-raccolta sono stati raggiunti livelli di riduzione dei marciumi pari al 90.2, 84.3, e 77.6%. Simili risultati sono stati ottenuti dall’applicazione dell’estratto sulle clementine prima della raccolta. La spiccata antività antimicrobica del PGE, associata alla sua lunga persistenza, sortisce oltre ad un prolungamento della shelf life, una forte riduzione delle perdite di prodotto ed un miglioramento della qualità dei frutti. Un’ulteriore caratteristica molto interessante dal punto di vista applicativo è l’abbattimento della carica microbica superficiale conseguente al trattamento dei frutti, che prospetta delle possibilità di utilizzo dell’estratto come sanitizzante delle acque di lavaggio e degli ambienti di stockaggio e lavorazione dei frutti. Gli effetti dei trattamenti con il PGE possono essere attribuiti all’induzione di vie metaboliche sui frutti trattati che ne influenzano la suscettibilità ai marciumi e la qualità. Infatti, dalle analisi di sequenziamento del m-RNA condotto su arance 0, 6 e 24 ore dopo il trattamento con PGE, i profili trascrittomici dei frutti trattati sono significativamente differenti rispetto al controllo non trattato. Dalle analisi si osserva l’attivazione immediata dell’espressione genica (1 ora dopo il trattamento) accompagnata da una diffusa sovrespressione genica (273 geni espressi in maniera differenziale fra trattati e non trattati). Secondo le analisi di genomica funzionale eseguite mediante Gene Ontology (GO) e Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) per individuare i pathways metabolici attivati (pathway enrichment analysis) si rileva il coinvolgimento di 1233 termini GO e di 35 vie metaboliche KEGG. Nell’ambito di tali vie metaboliche sono incluse importanti vie deputate alla difesa, fra cui le vie preposte alla sintesi di antibiotici sono le più rappresentate. I risultati di cui sopra spiegano l’azione preventiva, oltre che curativa, dei trattamenti dei frutti con PGE nella lotta contro i patogeni. Inoltre l’azione antimicrobica del PGE è stata valutata nei confronti di Listeria monocytogenes, patogeno dell’uomo di origine alimentare. Il PGE applicato in prove in vitro e per il trattamento di frutta porzionata (meloni, mele e pere) ha mostrato un forte effetto battericida e batteriostatico su questo patogeno-modello. Nelle prove in vitro è stata esercitata una forte azione battericida del PGE significativa per tutte le concentrazioni saggiate. Analogamente i risultati delle prove in vivo confermano la capacità dell’estratto di ridurre significativamente la carica batterica sulla frutta fresca porzionata, mantenendo la popolazione batterica a livelli contenuti durante la frigoconservazione. Le conoscenze acquisite dalla ricerca esposta nella presente tesi costituiscono un importante contributo per la valorizzazione del PGE come efficace metodo di lotta alternativo contro un’ampia gamma di patogeni ed in particolare per favorire il processo di registrazione di un formulato commerciale basato sull’estratto.

Development and application of alternative control methods to control postharvest rots of fresh fruit and vegetables / Belgacem, Imen. - (2020 Apr 07).

Development and application of alternative control methods to control postharvest rots of fresh fruit and vegetables

BELGACEM, Imen
2020-04-07

Abstract

A Pomegranate Peel Extract, named PGE, has been proposed as a natural antimicrobial substance with a wide spectrum of activity against several postharvest diseases. In the present project, the evaluation of the efficiency of the extract under large scale commercial conditions was conducted, together with a deep investigation on its mechanism of action and its antimicrobial activity against major foodborne pathogen. Under large-scale commercial conditions, the efficiency of PGE was evaluated against rots of Valencia orange and clementine. The extract, proved a significant higher level of protection compared to Imazalil (IMZ), a commonly used chemical fungicide for postharvest treatments. After cold storage and shelf life period, the incidences of decay on oranges sprayed just before harvest with PGE at 12, 6, and 3 g/l, was reduced by 78.9, 76.0, and 64.6%, respectively. Similarly, postharvest dipping treatments with PGE reduced rots by 90.2, 84.3, and 77.6%, respectively. Comparable levels of protection were also achieved on clementine treated before harvest. PGE treatments proved high antimicrobial activity with long persistence resulting in high reduction in losses, longer shelf life and enhancement of the fruit quality. Furthermore, the extract showed a strong antimicrobial activity against epiphytic bacterial and fungal population suggesting its possible use as sanitizers to reduce the microbial contamination of recirculated water in packinghouses. On the other hand, RNA-seq analyses, conducted on wounded orange fruit 0, 6, and 24 h after PGE applications, showed a significantly different transcriptome in treated oranges as compared to control samples. Our analysis showed a very quick response of gene expression (after 1h post treatment) accompanied by high up-regulation of genes (273 deferentially expressed gene). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed the involvement of 1233 gene ontology (GO) terms and 35 KEGG metabolic pathways. Among these, important defense pathways were induced and antibiotic biosynthesis was the most enriched one. These findings may explain the previously documented preventive and curative activity of PGE against plant diseases. Finally, the evaluation of the potential use of PGE as natural antimicrobial treatment to reduce the growth of foodborne pathogens using Listeria monocytogenes as a model pathogen in vitro and on fresh-cuts of melon, apple and pear, revealed high bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities of PGE. The in vitro results revealed that regardless of the tested concentration, PGE exerted a quick and high significant inhibitory activity against all the tested L. monocytogenes strains. Similarly, in vivo results also confirmed a strong antibacterial activity of the extract that significantly reduced the bacterial load on fresh-cut fruit and maintained the population at low levels throughout the storage period. The findings of the present study will incorporate new knowledge on the potential use of PGE as potent alternative control mean against wide range of pathogens and will particularly contribute to the already ongoing process to register a commercial formulation of PGE.
7-apr-2020
Settore AGR/04 - ORTICOLTURA E FLORICOLTURA
SCHENA, Leonardo
LI DESTRI NICOSIA, Maria Giulia
POIANA, MARCO
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/63679
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