Sustainable intensification (SI) is a new strategy proposed to satisfy the increasing global food request, to be profitable for the farmer and sustainable for agroecosystem, at the same time conserving resources for the next generations. Nowadays several researches suggest agroecological approach to promote SI in cropping systems. In this context the introduction of legumes in the cropping system is proposed to improve soil phosphorus (P) availability. The belowground interaction is considered the main cause of that ability. In this thesis, the ability of three legume crops to facilitate phosphorus uptake of intercropped durum wheat was investigated. To achieve this goal three specific objectives were followed: i) verify in agricultural soil the ability of three grain legumes to mobilize phosphorus through their specific root exudation (phosphatase activities and carboxylates composition) and confirm whether these facilitations are more expressed in phosphorus-limiting soil conditions; ii) assess whether an increase in legume mass roots may influence phosphorus mobilization in the intercropping system; iii) describe changes in soil bacterial community exerted in intercropping by the legume root activity mentioned above. To realize these specific objectives lupin (Lupinus albus L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba (Vicia faba L.), were grown in pots on controlled climatic conditions as sole crop (SC) and intercropped (IC) with durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) in three separate experiments combined with the following treatments corresponding to each specific objective: i) two levels of P supply (no P and adding 50 mg P/kg-1 soil); ii) two legume density (1:1 and 2:1 legume:wheat plants ratio); iii) four different P availability levels corresponding to different P forms added to soil. In the first and second experiments, the benefit for the main crop durum wheat was evaluated from its P uptake, as well as the variation of soil P pools (organic P, Olsen P) was compared to phosphomonoesterase (PME) activity and quantity, and quality of carboxylates exuded in soil. In the third experiment, the bacterial community structure of the rhizosphere was investigated. The results from the first experiment showed that PME activity was greater in P1 than in P0 and in IC than in SC and PME activity and carboxylates exudation was greater in legumes than in wheat. Available P was more conserved in IC than in SC. The effect of intercropping on wheat P uptake was greater with pea and lupin at P0, and with pea at P1. The mixture wheat/pea was the most efficient in P uptaking. In IC, wheat growth was higher compared to SC, while biomass P concentration decreased. In the second experiment, wheat P uptake increased in intercrop with two plants of faba and lupin and was associated to higher PME activity, while it decreased with pea. From the analysis of the third experiment, bacterial communities were affected primarily by the crop treatment followed by P availability. When P availability was low there was an enrichment of genera included in phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Variovorax, Bradyrhizobium and Pseudomonas in legume rhizosphere and intermingled rhizosphere of intercrop. Although intercropping was favorable for all the wheat-legume combination tested, a marked effect on wheat P uptake was confirmed only in pea intercrop and this advantage was more expressed in phosphorus-limiting soil conditions. The data from root exudates supported partially this result but other aspects were involved, such as competition and complementary, varying legume density. The ability of legumes to enrich the bacterial community of the rhizosphere with the most favourable taxa in P limited condition was conserved in intermingled rhizosphere of both the intercrop partners contributing to the P facilitation.
L'intensificazione sostenibile (IS) è una nuova strategia proposta per soddisfare la crescente domanda di cibo nel mondo ma che sia allo stesso tempo redditizia per l'agricoltore e sostenibile per l'agroecosistema, conservando risorse per le generazioni future In questo contesto, l’introduzione delle leguminose da granella all’interno dei sistemi colturali può rappresentare un valido strumento per aumentare la disponibilità di fosforo nel suolo (P). Si ritiene che questa abilità sia riconducibile ad interazioni che si generano a livello radicale. In questa tesi, è stata studiata la capacità di tre leguminose da granella di facilitare l’assorbimento del fosforo in frumento duro ad esse consociato. Con questa finalità sono stati perseguiti tre obiettivi specifici: i) verificare in suolo la capacità di tre leguminose da granella di mobilitare il fosforo attraverso l’essudazione radicale (acidi organici e fosfatasi) e confermare se tali facilitazioni siano più espresse a bassa disponibilità dell’elemento; ii) valutare se il raddoppio del numero di leguminose consociate abbia un effetto sulla disponibilità di fosforo; iii) descrivere i cambiamenti nella comunità batterica del suolo dovuti alla sopra menzionata attività radicale delle leguminose consociate. Per ottenere questi obiettivi specifici, lupino (Lupinus albus L.), pisello (Pisum sativum L.) e fava (Vicia faba L.), sono stati coltivati in vaso in condizioni climatiche controllate, sia in coltura pura (SC) che consociate (IC) a grano duro (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) in tre esperimenti separati, ognuno corrispondente ai seguenti trattamenti così da soddisfare ciascuno degli obiettivi specifici prima enunciati: i) due livelli di disponibilità di P (senza P e con l’aggiunta di 50 mg P / kg-1 di terreno); ii) grano duro consociato a una o due piante di leguminosa; iii) quattro diversi livelli di fosforo disponibile corrispondenti a diverse forme di P aggiunte al suolo. Nel primo e secondo esperimento, l’effetto favorevole per il grano duro è stato valutato attraverso il P assorbito, mentre la variazione dei pool di P del suolo (P organico, Olsen P) è stata confrontata con l'attività della fosfomonoesterasi (PME) e gli acidi organici (AO) nel suolo. Nel terzo esperimento, è stata studiata la struttura della comunità batterica della rizosfera. Dai risultati del primo esperimento si evince una maggiore attività della PME in P1 rispetto a P0 e in IC rispetto a SC e valori di attività della PME e presenza di AO maggiori con le leguminose che col grano. Il P disponibile è risultato maggiore in IC che in SC. L’aumento di assorbimento di P in grano dovuto alla consociazione è stato maggiore con pisello e lupino a P0 e con pisello a P1. La combinazione grano-pisello è stata la più efficiente nell'assorbimento di P. In IC, il grano si è accresciuto più che in SC, mentre la concentrazione di P nella biomassa si è ridotta. Nel secondo esperimento, utilizzando due piante piuttosto che una, mentre con pisello l'assorbimento di P nel grano è diminuito, con fava e con lupino è aumentato e a ciò si è associata a una maggiore attività della PME. Nel terzo esperimento, le comunità batteriche sono state influenzate in primo luogo dalla specie e poi dalla disponibilità di P. A bassa disponibilità di P, la rizosfera delle leguminose e del grano, quando consociato ad esse, si è arricchita di generi noti come batteri fosfato solubilizzatori (PSB) e rizobatteri promotori della crescita delle piante (PGPR) come Variovorax, Bradyrhizobium e Pseudomonas. Sebbene la consociazione sia stata favorevole per tutte le combinazioni grano-leguminosa studiate, l’effetto sull'assorbimento di P del grano è stato confermato solo con pisello e questo vantaggio è stato maggiore in condizioni di limitata disponibilità di fosforo. I dati provenienti dagli essudati radicali hanno giustificato solo parzialmente questo risultato, si suppone che altri aspetti come competizione e complementarietà mediati dal rapporto di semina tra le due specie siano coinvolti. La capacità dei legumi di arricchire la propria rizosfera di taxa batterici più favorevoli al proprio sviluppo in condizioni di P limitanti è stata mantenuta nella rizosfera intimamente connessa dei due partner della consociazione con effetti facilitativi sull’assorbimento del P.
Intercropping with grain legumes to exploit phosphorus for ecological intensification of Mediterranean cereal cropping systems / LO PRESTI, Emilio. - (2020 Apr 07).
Intercropping with grain legumes to exploit phosphorus for ecological intensification of Mediterranean cereal cropping systems
LO PRESTI, Emilio
2020-04-07
Abstract
Sustainable intensification (SI) is a new strategy proposed to satisfy the increasing global food request, to be profitable for the farmer and sustainable for agroecosystem, at the same time conserving resources for the next generations. Nowadays several researches suggest agroecological approach to promote SI in cropping systems. In this context the introduction of legumes in the cropping system is proposed to improve soil phosphorus (P) availability. The belowground interaction is considered the main cause of that ability. In this thesis, the ability of three legume crops to facilitate phosphorus uptake of intercropped durum wheat was investigated. To achieve this goal three specific objectives were followed: i) verify in agricultural soil the ability of three grain legumes to mobilize phosphorus through their specific root exudation (phosphatase activities and carboxylates composition) and confirm whether these facilitations are more expressed in phosphorus-limiting soil conditions; ii) assess whether an increase in legume mass roots may influence phosphorus mobilization in the intercropping system; iii) describe changes in soil bacterial community exerted in intercropping by the legume root activity mentioned above. To realize these specific objectives lupin (Lupinus albus L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba (Vicia faba L.), were grown in pots on controlled climatic conditions as sole crop (SC) and intercropped (IC) with durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) in three separate experiments combined with the following treatments corresponding to each specific objective: i) two levels of P supply (no P and adding 50 mg P/kg-1 soil); ii) two legume density (1:1 and 2:1 legume:wheat plants ratio); iii) four different P availability levels corresponding to different P forms added to soil. In the first and second experiments, the benefit for the main crop durum wheat was evaluated from its P uptake, as well as the variation of soil P pools (organic P, Olsen P) was compared to phosphomonoesterase (PME) activity and quantity, and quality of carboxylates exuded in soil. In the third experiment, the bacterial community structure of the rhizosphere was investigated. The results from the first experiment showed that PME activity was greater in P1 than in P0 and in IC than in SC and PME activity and carboxylates exudation was greater in legumes than in wheat. Available P was more conserved in IC than in SC. The effect of intercropping on wheat P uptake was greater with pea and lupin at P0, and with pea at P1. The mixture wheat/pea was the most efficient in P uptaking. In IC, wheat growth was higher compared to SC, while biomass P concentration decreased. In the second experiment, wheat P uptake increased in intercrop with two plants of faba and lupin and was associated to higher PME activity, while it decreased with pea. From the analysis of the third experiment, bacterial communities were affected primarily by the crop treatment followed by P availability. When P availability was low there was an enrichment of genera included in phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Variovorax, Bradyrhizobium and Pseudomonas in legume rhizosphere and intermingled rhizosphere of intercrop. Although intercropping was favorable for all the wheat-legume combination tested, a marked effect on wheat P uptake was confirmed only in pea intercrop and this advantage was more expressed in phosphorus-limiting soil conditions. The data from root exudates supported partially this result but other aspects were involved, such as competition and complementary, varying legume density. The ability of legumes to enrich the bacterial community of the rhizosphere with the most favourable taxa in P limited condition was conserved in intermingled rhizosphere of both the intercrop partners contributing to the P facilitation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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