Food industry produces huge amounts of waste, which are characterised by significant cost of management and environmental impact. Therefore, in recent years, great attention has been focused on fruits and vegetables by-products valorisation, by their utilization to produce value-added foodstuffs, also achieving economic and environmental benefits. Based on this awareness, the aim of this Ph.D. research project consisted in developing efficient and sustainable approaches for the valorisation of food industry by-products, to produce new food products enriched with bioactive compounds, such as bakery goods, and to develop strategies to extend the shelf life of minimally processed vegetables, such as edible coating. Indeed, the addition of bioactive compounds in food matrices could be a valid alternative to the use of synthetic preservatives. For this purpose, the scientific approach used was divided in three steps: by-products characterisation and extraction of bioactive compounds, production of enriched bakery goods, formulation of polysaccharide enriched edible coating and their application in minimally processed vegetables. This study has been evaluated on waste from the citrus processing industry (lemon peel, pulp and seed) and red onion processing (outer dry and semi-dry layers and apical and basal trimmings). In particular, the characterisation and valorisation step showed that these wastes are rich in bioactive compounds, such as eriocitrin and hesperidin for lemon by-products (1167.28±0.25 and 1694.98±0.36 mg kg−1 dry weight, respectively) and quercetin for the onion ones (5322.61 ± 0.32 mg kg−1 dry weight), with significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Based on these results, specific processes have been designed that exploit the application of these by-products in food production: (i) biscuits formulated with the addition of bioactive compounds obtained from lemon by-products; (ii) antioxidant extract from onion processing by-products used as food ingredients in bread production. The obtained bakery goods were evaluated for their phenolic content, antioxidant activity, phisico-chemical parameters and sensory acceptability. Obtained results pointed out the possibility to produce new functional food products promoting at the same time the utilization of waste derived food. Finally, different formulations of enriched edible coatings (alginate, pectin and gellan gum based) were studied and applied on minimally processed vegetables, to estimate their shelf life in terms of respiration rate, polyphenol and bioactive compounds content, antioxidant activity, enzyme activity (PPO, POD, PME) and maintenance of quality parameters, such as colour and texture. The approaches studied in this research for the valorisation of food industry by-products could constitute an innovative and sustainable way of food production, with relevant economic and environmental impacts at the industrial level. They could be considered as a starting point for more informed decisions to invest in more sustainable production strategies.

L'industria alimentare produce enormi quantità di rifiuti, caratterizzati da significativi costi di gestione e impatto ambientale. Pertanto, negli ultimi anni, grande attenzione è stata incentrata sulla valorizzazione dei sottoprodotti di frutta e verdura, mediante il loro utilizzo nella produzione di alimenti a valore aggiunto, ottenendo anche benefici di carattere economico e ambientale. Sulla base di tali consapevolezze, l'obiettivo di questo progetto di dottorato è stato quello di sviluppare approcci efficienti e sostenibili per la valorizzazione dei sottoprodotti dell'industria alimentare, al fine di produrre nuovi prodotti alimentari arricchiti di composti bioattivi, come ad esempio i prodotti da forno, e sviluppare nuove strategie per estendere la shelf life di vegetali minimamente processati, come ad esempio coating edibili. L’addizione di composti bioattivi nelle matrici alimentari, infatti, potrebbe essere una valida alternativa all'uso di conservanti sintetici. Per tale scopo, l'approccio scientifico utilizzato è stato suddiviso in tre fasi principali: caratterizzazione dei sottoprodotti ed estrazione dei composti bioattivi, produzione di prodotti da forno funzionali, formulazione di coating edibili arricchiti di composti utili e loro applicazione in vegetali minimamente processati. Questo studio è stato effettuato considerando scarti dell'industria di trasformazione degli agrumi (buccia, polpa e semi di limone) e della lavorazione della cipolla rossa (strati esterni secchi e semisecchi e rifilature apicali e basali). In particolare, la fase di caratterizzazione ed estrazione ha mostrato che questi scarti sono ricchi di composti bioattivi come l'eriocitrina e l'esperidina, per i sottoprodotti del limone (1167.28±0.25 e 1694.98±0.36 mg kg-1 peso secco, rispettivamente), e la quercetina, per quelli di cipolla (5322.61±0.32 mg kg-1 peso secco), con significative proprietà antiossidanti e antimicrobiche. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, sono stati progettati formulazioni di prodotti da forno che sfruttano l'applicazione di questi sottoprodotti nel processo produttivo: (i) biscotti formulati con l'aggiunta di composti bioattivi ottenuti dai sottoprodotti del limone; (ii) aggiunta di estratto antiossidante ottenuto dai sottoprodotti della lavorazione della cipolla nella produzione di pane in cassetta. I prodotti da forno ottenuti sono stati valutati in merito al loro contenuto fenolico, attività antiossidante, parametri fisico-chimici e accettabilità sensoriale. I risultati hanno evidenziato la possibilità di produrre nuovi prodotti alimentari funzionali promuovendo allo stesso tempo l'utilizzo di scarti alimentari. Infine, diverse formulazioni di coating edibili arricchiti (a base di alginato, pectina e gomma di gellano) sono state studiate e applicate su vegetali minimamente processati, per stimarne la loro shelf life in termini di tasso di respirazione, contenuto di polifenoli e composti bioattivi, attività antiossidante, attività enzimatica (PPO, POD, PME) e mantenimento dei parametri di qualità, come colore e consistenza. Gli approcci studiati nella presente ricerca per la valorizzazione dei sottoprodotti dell'industria alimentare potrebbero costituire una modalità innovativa e sostenibile di produzione alimentare, con positivi impatti economici e ambientali rilevanti. Potrebbero essere considerati come un punto di partenza per decisioni più consapevoli nei riguardi di strategie di produzione più sostenibili.

Valorisation of food industry by-products through their use as functional ingredients and for shelf-life extension of food products / Imeneo, Valeria. - (2022 May 02).

Valorisation of food industry by-products through their use as functional ingredients and for shelf-life extension of food products

IMENEO, Valeria
2022-05-02

Abstract

Food industry produces huge amounts of waste, which are characterised by significant cost of management and environmental impact. Therefore, in recent years, great attention has been focused on fruits and vegetables by-products valorisation, by their utilization to produce value-added foodstuffs, also achieving economic and environmental benefits. Based on this awareness, the aim of this Ph.D. research project consisted in developing efficient and sustainable approaches for the valorisation of food industry by-products, to produce new food products enriched with bioactive compounds, such as bakery goods, and to develop strategies to extend the shelf life of minimally processed vegetables, such as edible coating. Indeed, the addition of bioactive compounds in food matrices could be a valid alternative to the use of synthetic preservatives. For this purpose, the scientific approach used was divided in three steps: by-products characterisation and extraction of bioactive compounds, production of enriched bakery goods, formulation of polysaccharide enriched edible coating and their application in minimally processed vegetables. This study has been evaluated on waste from the citrus processing industry (lemon peel, pulp and seed) and red onion processing (outer dry and semi-dry layers and apical and basal trimmings). In particular, the characterisation and valorisation step showed that these wastes are rich in bioactive compounds, such as eriocitrin and hesperidin for lemon by-products (1167.28±0.25 and 1694.98±0.36 mg kg−1 dry weight, respectively) and quercetin for the onion ones (5322.61 ± 0.32 mg kg−1 dry weight), with significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Based on these results, specific processes have been designed that exploit the application of these by-products in food production: (i) biscuits formulated with the addition of bioactive compounds obtained from lemon by-products; (ii) antioxidant extract from onion processing by-products used as food ingredients in bread production. The obtained bakery goods were evaluated for their phenolic content, antioxidant activity, phisico-chemical parameters and sensory acceptability. Obtained results pointed out the possibility to produce new functional food products promoting at the same time the utilization of waste derived food. Finally, different formulations of enriched edible coatings (alginate, pectin and gellan gum based) were studied and applied on minimally processed vegetables, to estimate their shelf life in terms of respiration rate, polyphenol and bioactive compounds content, antioxidant activity, enzyme activity (PPO, POD, PME) and maintenance of quality parameters, such as colour and texture. The approaches studied in this research for the valorisation of food industry by-products could constitute an innovative and sustainable way of food production, with relevant economic and environmental impacts at the industrial level. They could be considered as a starting point for more informed decisions to invest in more sustainable production strategies.
2-mag-2022
Settore AGR/15 - SCIENZE E TECNOLOGIE ALIMENTARI
POIANA, MARCO
PISCOPO, Amalia Rosa Maria
POIANA, MARCO
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/129708
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