The aim of this Ph.D. project is to investigate whether the presence of pathogenic conifer root rot fungi, such as Heterobasidion spp., can influence the productivity, the vitality and the growth trends of beech and silver fir forests, but also the wood quality of the materials harvested from them. Specifically, the research work is based on the hypothesis that mixed forests of beech and silver fir (Abies alba Mill. - Fagus sylvatica L.) may be better protected from root rot pathogens than the pure silver fir stands, and in particular from Heterobasidion spp., which mainly causes damage to conifers. The study was conducted in the context of the “Serre” Regional Park (Calabria Region, Southern Italy), specifically within two Special Areas of Conservation of the Natura 2000 Network. The work was conducted on different study in chapters 3 and 4 that have a common denominator that involve species studied in similar bio-geographical settings. A in-depth bibliographic research was carried out, with the aim of drawing up a review of the state of the art regarding the relationship between the presence of Heterobasidion spp. and the tree growth dynamics and tree vitality. By means of dendrometric analyses and dendrochronological approaches, it was tested whether the mixing of silver fir and beech species could improve the growth and fitness of silver fir, when compared to pure silver fir stands, hypothesizing that the presence and propagation of roots infected with Heterobasidion spp. could be limited by the mixing of species, thus reducing its propagation through trees. Lastly, an attempt was made to verify whether the quality of the woody products and their biomechanical characteristics can be improved by promoting the mixture between tree species, with particular reference to pure and mixed forests of beech and silver fir. In order to test this hypothesis, non-destructive methods (TreeSonic timer) were used to estimate the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (MOEd) and infrared spectroscopy (TF-IR spectrometer) was also used to estimate the presence and abundance of molecular components such as lignin and cellulose. For this purpose, an LDA+clustering model was also applied. In addition, a model based on linear discriminant analysis was constructed and developed in Python to distinguish different forest types on the basis of the IR spectrum. It was found that silver fir had a higher hypso-diameter ratio and higher tree density when growing in pure forests, while fewer and larger individuals were observed in the mixed stands . On the basis of the results obtained, the presence of the pathogen Heterobasidion spp., and in particular the intersterile group F (H. abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen) was ascertained; it was found that the annual increments variations are lower in the pure stands than in the mixed stands for silver fir. Furthermore, the mixed stands ensured a greater increase for silver fir volume than in the pure stands, thus demonstrating that the mixed forests contributes to a more stable system, which also ensures greater productivity. In addition, the structural and dendrochronological analyses developed in chapter four showed more regular growth trends in the mixed stands than in the pure ones, and the benefits on wood quality were confirmed by the higher MOEd values observed in the mixed plots. Furthermore, higher levels of cellulose and lignin, detected by TF-IR spectroscopy, were observed in the silver fir-beech mixed stands. Therefore, the results obtained suggested that the promotion of mixture of tree species in mountainous forest ecosystems could improve the tree growth dynamics and wood quality of beech more than silver fir, together with the reduction of root and butt decay. The better wood quality observed in the mixed forests, probably due to the effects above mentioned, is further confirmed by the values obtained for the modulus of elasticity, which were higher in the mixed forests, indicating a higher structural homogeneity of the woody material.
Il progetto di dottorato si è proposto di verificare se la presenza di funghi patogeni di marciume radicale delle conifere, come Heterobasidion spp., possa influenzare la produttività di boschi di faggio e abete bianco e la qualità del materiale legnoso da essi ritraibile. Nello specifico, il lavoro di ricerca si è basato sull’ipotesi che i boschi misti di faggio e abete bianco (Abies alba Mill. - Fagus sylvatica L.) possano essere maggiormente protetti dai patogeni radicali, ed in particolare dall’Heterobasidion spp. che arreca danni principalmente alle conifere, rispetto a boschi di conifere puri a dominanza di abete bianco. Le attività sono state condotte nel contesto forestale del Parco Regionale delle “Serre” (Calabria), nello specifico all'interno di due Zone Speciali di Conservazione della Rete Natura 2000. Il lavoro è stato condotto su diverse aree di studio nei capitoli 3 e 4, che hanno un denominatore comune: le specie studiate in contesti bio-geografici simili. È stata dapprima realizzata un'approfondita attività di ricerca bibliografica, con l'obiettivo di redigere una review sullo stato dell'arte riguardante la relazione tra la presenza di Heterobasidion spp. e le dinamiche di crescita del bosco. Attraverso analisi dendrometriche e approcci dendrocronologici, si è voluto verificare se la mescolanza di specie di abete bianco e faggio possa migliorare la crescita e la vitalità dell'abete bianco rispetto al soprassuolo puro, ipotizzando che la presenza e la propagazione di radici infette da Heterobasidion spp. possano essere limitate dalla mescolanza di specie, riducendo così la propagazione del patogeno tra gli individui arborei. Inoltre, si è cercato di comprendere se la qualità dei prodotti legnosi e le loro caratteristiche biomeccaniche possano essere migliorate promuovendo la mescolanza tra le specie arboree, con particolare riferimento a boschi puri e misti di faggio e abete bianco, Per verificare questa ipotesi, sono stati utilizzati metodi non distruttivi (timer TreeSonic) utili per stimare il Modulo Dinamico di Elasticità (MOEd) e la spettroscopia infrarossa (spettrometro TF-IR) utile per quantificare la presenza e l'abbondanza di componenti strutturali del legno, come lignina e cellulosa. A tal fine, è stato applicato anche un modello LDA+clustering. Inoltre, è stato costruito un modello basato sull'analisi discriminante lineare, sviluppato in Python, per distinguere le differenti tipologie forestali oggetto di studio sulla base dello spettro IR. È emerso che le piante di abete bianco presentano un rapporto ipso-diametro più elevato ed una maggiore densità nei boschi monospecifici, mentre nei popolamenti misti è stato riscontrato un minor numero di individui, ma di maggiori dimensioni. È stata quindi accertata la presenza del patogeno Heterobasidion spp., in particolare del gruppo intersterile F (H. abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen) e, in base ai risultati ottenuti, è emerso che gli incrementi annuali sono inferiori nel soprassuolo puro rispetto a quello misto. Inoltre, il soprassuolo misto garantisce un maggiore incremento volumetrico per l’abete rispetto al soprassuolo puro per la stessa specie, dimostrando così che il bosco misto contribuisce a un sistema più stabile, che garantisce anche una maggiore produttività. Inoltre, le analisi strutturali e dendrocronologiche dettagliate nel quarto capitolo hanno evidenziato una crescita più regolare nelle situazioni miste rispetto alle foreste pure, e i benefici sulla qualità del legno sono stati confermati dai valori di MOEd più elevati nelle parcelle miste, insieme ai livelli più elevati di cellulosa e lignina nel faggio misto all'abete bianco rilevati dalle analisi spettroscopiche TF-IR. I risultati ottenuti nel presente lavoro suggeriscono quanto la promozione della mescolanza tra specie in ambienti montani può migliorare le dinamiche di crescita e la qualità del legno del faggio più che dell'abete bianco, oltre a ridurre danni da marciume radicale e del fusto. La migliore qualità del legno in condizioni di bosco misto, probabilmente dovuta agli effetti sopra menzionati, è ulteriormente confermata dai valori ottenuti nella stima del modulo di elasticità, significativamente più elevati nel bosco misto, indicando quindi una maggiore omogeneità strutturale del legno analizzato.
Can the presence of "Heterobasidion" spp. affect the productivity of beech-silver fir pure and mixed forests? / Mercuri, Michele. - (2023 Oct 06).
Can the presence of "Heterobasidion" spp. affect the productivity of beech-silver fir pure and mixed forests?
Mercuri, Michele
2023-10-06
Abstract
The aim of this Ph.D. project is to investigate whether the presence of pathogenic conifer root rot fungi, such as Heterobasidion spp., can influence the productivity, the vitality and the growth trends of beech and silver fir forests, but also the wood quality of the materials harvested from them. Specifically, the research work is based on the hypothesis that mixed forests of beech and silver fir (Abies alba Mill. - Fagus sylvatica L.) may be better protected from root rot pathogens than the pure silver fir stands, and in particular from Heterobasidion spp., which mainly causes damage to conifers. The study was conducted in the context of the “Serre” Regional Park (Calabria Region, Southern Italy), specifically within two Special Areas of Conservation of the Natura 2000 Network. The work was conducted on different study in chapters 3 and 4 that have a common denominator that involve species studied in similar bio-geographical settings. A in-depth bibliographic research was carried out, with the aim of drawing up a review of the state of the art regarding the relationship between the presence of Heterobasidion spp. and the tree growth dynamics and tree vitality. By means of dendrometric analyses and dendrochronological approaches, it was tested whether the mixing of silver fir and beech species could improve the growth and fitness of silver fir, when compared to pure silver fir stands, hypothesizing that the presence and propagation of roots infected with Heterobasidion spp. could be limited by the mixing of species, thus reducing its propagation through trees. Lastly, an attempt was made to verify whether the quality of the woody products and their biomechanical characteristics can be improved by promoting the mixture between tree species, with particular reference to pure and mixed forests of beech and silver fir. In order to test this hypothesis, non-destructive methods (TreeSonic timer) were used to estimate the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (MOEd) and infrared spectroscopy (TF-IR spectrometer) was also used to estimate the presence and abundance of molecular components such as lignin and cellulose. For this purpose, an LDA+clustering model was also applied. In addition, a model based on linear discriminant analysis was constructed and developed in Python to distinguish different forest types on the basis of the IR spectrum. It was found that silver fir had a higher hypso-diameter ratio and higher tree density when growing in pure forests, while fewer and larger individuals were observed in the mixed stands . On the basis of the results obtained, the presence of the pathogen Heterobasidion spp., and in particular the intersterile group F (H. abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen) was ascertained; it was found that the annual increments variations are lower in the pure stands than in the mixed stands for silver fir. Furthermore, the mixed stands ensured a greater increase for silver fir volume than in the pure stands, thus demonstrating that the mixed forests contributes to a more stable system, which also ensures greater productivity. In addition, the structural and dendrochronological analyses developed in chapter four showed more regular growth trends in the mixed stands than in the pure ones, and the benefits on wood quality were confirmed by the higher MOEd values observed in the mixed plots. Furthermore, higher levels of cellulose and lignin, detected by TF-IR spectroscopy, were observed in the silver fir-beech mixed stands. Therefore, the results obtained suggested that the promotion of mixture of tree species in mountainous forest ecosystems could improve the tree growth dynamics and wood quality of beech more than silver fir, together with the reduction of root and butt decay. The better wood quality observed in the mixed forests, probably due to the effects above mentioned, is further confirmed by the values obtained for the modulus of elasticity, which were higher in the mixed forests, indicating a higher structural homogeneity of the woody material.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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