More than a third of Italy is covered by arboreal and shrub vegetation, equivalent to 35% of the national surface. Out of all the regions of Italy, several regions in South Italy have the largest percentage of forest. In this area, delineated geographically as southern Italy, woodlands are very important, not only in terms of forest production, but also for the variety of typical landscapes that they form. Their economic potential is considerable due to the favourable seasonal conditions, which prolong the vegetative time, consequently increasing productivity levels. In Southern Italy, Calabrian forests are strongly related to the complex geological history, lithological and climatic characteristics, and also to the long history of human exploitation of the related forest stands. In fact, forests and wood represent a basis for economic, environmental and social stability in rural areas and wood harvesting has always represented one of the most important management interventions for the future of forests. Additionally, several techniques have been developed during the last fifty years to increase operator productivity, work qualifications and occupational safety. Technologically speaking, the first phase (forests) of the forest wood supply chain forms a series of production processes that transform natural resources from forests into products and services. The timber production process takes place through different production phases. Dealing with the wood forest supply chain in a universal sense does not allow us to focus on the weak or strong links in the chain. The aspects of the supply chain are really broad, starting from the supply of the wood resource to the quality of the finished product sold to the final consumer, and to be deepened, one needs to focus on each of these aspects individually, without forgetting the importance of their cohesion in a large solid chain that embraces the culture, the environment, the economy, of the Calabrian forests. This Ph.D. research has set out to evaluate the supply chain in order to provide information on the current reality that characterizes the forestry sector of the Calabria Region and propose potential innovative developments. In particular, several studies have been conducted, distinguished three activities, to investigate three aspects of the Wood Supply Chain to determine: i) productivity and cost analysis of forest operations sites in different areas of Bulgaria (some data were collected during the period abroad) and with different levels of mechanization; ii) ergonomic condition in forest operations through the determination of significant differences in terms of forest operator exposure to noise and hand-arm vibration due to the use of chainsaws and the study of working postures during the measurement of forest assortments; iii) wood quality through the development of Non-Destructive Technologies (NDT) capable of predicting the intrinsic properties of wood from individual standing trees to the final product and assessing the quality of wood for stands and forests. The result of first activity have shown that a good organization on-site, in particular, planning an optimal road network to reduce the extraction distance, managing the arrangement of the wood assortments already during felling, using innovative machines, can limit the time consumption related to the extraction operations, during the total time of the work cycle. In particular, it has been observed how productivity increases thanks to the use of innovative forestry machinery. The results obtained from the study performed on postures during wood measurements demonstrate that updated technology is needed, and can help improve ergonomic conditions, in many forestry applications, including wood measurement. Regarding the determination of the significant differences in terms of forest operator exposure to noise and hand-arm vibrations due to the use of chainsaws, the results obtained, demonstrate the correct maintenance of chainsaws over time has an important role in exposure to noise and vibrations by the forestry operator, especially for small agroforestry companies that occasionally use these dated tools. About the third activity, the results of the studies carried out, showed that the non- destructive methods (NDT) applied are valid both for identifying different defects in a tree trunk, including ring shake, without affecting its biological activity, overcoming the difficulties of prediction using only the visual inspection, which to estimate some mechanical characteristics of the wood tissue such as the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) and therefore, the prediction for the static MOE in poplar wood

I dati presentati dalla recente pubblicazione dell’Inventario Nazionale delle Foreste e dei Serbatoi di Carbonio (IFNC, 2015) confermano che la Calabria è una regione a tipica vocazione forestale ed in particolare il suo coefficiente di boscosità risulta sensibilmente superiore a quello nazionale. In particolare, il processo produttivo denominato “Filiera Foresta-Legno” riveste un ruolo di notevole importanza per la regione. Purtroppo, però numerosi sono gli ostacoli che rendono gli anelli di questa filiera deboli. In aggiunta, gli aspetti da considerare sono davvero ampi, a partire dall’approvvigionamento della risorsa legno fino alla qualità del prodotto finito venduto al consumatore finale. Tutti questi aspetti presi singolarmente svolgono un ruolo fondamentale creando una forte coesione in una grande filiera solida che abbraccia la cultura, l’ambiente, l’economia partendo dalle foreste calabresi. Questo dottorato di ricerca si è proposto di valutare la filiera del legno al fine di fornire informazioni sulla realtà attuale che caratterizza il settore forestale della Regione Calabria e proporre potenziali sviluppi innovativi da adottare. In particolare, sono stati condotti diversi studi, distinti in tre attività, per indagare alcuni aspetti della filiera Foresta-Legno e quindi determinare: i) l’analisi della produttività e dei costi dei cantieri forestali in diverse aree della Bulgaria (alcuni dati sono stati raccolti durante il periodo all’estero) e con diversi livelli di meccanizzazione; ii) le condizioni ergonomiche nelle utilizzazioni forestali, valutando l’esposizione dell’operatore forestale al rumore e alle vibrazioni mano- braccio dovute all’uso di motoseghe e lo studio delle posture di lavoro durante la misurazione degli assortimenti forestali; iii) la qualità del legno attraverso l’impiego di tecnologie non distruttive (NDT) in grado di prevedere le proprietà intrinseche del legno dall’albero in piedi fino al prodotto finale e monitorando la qualità del legno lungo le diverse fasi della filiera. I risultati della prima attività hanno dimostrato che una buona gestione del cantiere forestale, che tenga conto della pianificazione ottimale della viabilità, della disposizione degli assortimenti legnosi e dell’utilizzo appropriato di macchine innovative, può limitare il consumo di tempo relativo alle operazioni di esbosco, durante il tempo totale del ciclo di lavoro e quindi aumentare la produttività. I risultati ottenuti dallo studio effettuato sulle posture durante le misurazioni del legno dimostrano che è necessaria una tecnologia aggiornata, che può contribuire a migliorare le condizioni ergonomiche, in molte applicazioni forestali, compresa la misurazione degli assortimenti legnosi. Per quanto riguarda la valutazione delle differenze in termini di esposizione dell’operatore forestale a rumore e vibrazioni mano-braccio dovute all’utilizzo di motoseghe, i risultati ottenuti, dimostrano che la corretta manutenzione nel tempo delle motoseghe ha un ruolo importante nell’esposizione a rumore e vibrazioni da parte l’operatore forestale, soprattutto per le piccole aziende agroforestali che saltuariamente utilizzano questi datati strumenti. Per quanto riguarda la terza attività, i risultati degli studi effettuati, hanno dimostrato che i metodi non distruttivi (NDT) applicati, sono validi sia per identificare diversi difetti del tessuto legnoso senza intaccarne l’attività biologica della pianta, superando le difficoltà di previsione poste dall’utilizzo della sola ispezione visiva, che per stimare alcune caratteristiche meccaniche del tessuto legnoso come il modulo dinamico di elasticità (MOEd) e quindi, la previsione del MOE statico del legno

Innovative processes for the development of the Forest-Wood Supply Chain in Calabria region / Papandrea, Salvatore Francesco. - (2023 Oct 06).

Innovative processes for the development of the Forest-Wood Supply Chain in Calabria region

Papandrea, Salvatore Francesco
2023-10-06

Abstract

More than a third of Italy is covered by arboreal and shrub vegetation, equivalent to 35% of the national surface. Out of all the regions of Italy, several regions in South Italy have the largest percentage of forest. In this area, delineated geographically as southern Italy, woodlands are very important, not only in terms of forest production, but also for the variety of typical landscapes that they form. Their economic potential is considerable due to the favourable seasonal conditions, which prolong the vegetative time, consequently increasing productivity levels. In Southern Italy, Calabrian forests are strongly related to the complex geological history, lithological and climatic characteristics, and also to the long history of human exploitation of the related forest stands. In fact, forests and wood represent a basis for economic, environmental and social stability in rural areas and wood harvesting has always represented one of the most important management interventions for the future of forests. Additionally, several techniques have been developed during the last fifty years to increase operator productivity, work qualifications and occupational safety. Technologically speaking, the first phase (forests) of the forest wood supply chain forms a series of production processes that transform natural resources from forests into products and services. The timber production process takes place through different production phases. Dealing with the wood forest supply chain in a universal sense does not allow us to focus on the weak or strong links in the chain. The aspects of the supply chain are really broad, starting from the supply of the wood resource to the quality of the finished product sold to the final consumer, and to be deepened, one needs to focus on each of these aspects individually, without forgetting the importance of their cohesion in a large solid chain that embraces the culture, the environment, the economy, of the Calabrian forests. This Ph.D. research has set out to evaluate the supply chain in order to provide information on the current reality that characterizes the forestry sector of the Calabria Region and propose potential innovative developments. In particular, several studies have been conducted, distinguished three activities, to investigate three aspects of the Wood Supply Chain to determine: i) productivity and cost analysis of forest operations sites in different areas of Bulgaria (some data were collected during the period abroad) and with different levels of mechanization; ii) ergonomic condition in forest operations through the determination of significant differences in terms of forest operator exposure to noise and hand-arm vibration due to the use of chainsaws and the study of working postures during the measurement of forest assortments; iii) wood quality through the development of Non-Destructive Technologies (NDT) capable of predicting the intrinsic properties of wood from individual standing trees to the final product and assessing the quality of wood for stands and forests. The result of first activity have shown that a good organization on-site, in particular, planning an optimal road network to reduce the extraction distance, managing the arrangement of the wood assortments already during felling, using innovative machines, can limit the time consumption related to the extraction operations, during the total time of the work cycle. In particular, it has been observed how productivity increases thanks to the use of innovative forestry machinery. The results obtained from the study performed on postures during wood measurements demonstrate that updated technology is needed, and can help improve ergonomic conditions, in many forestry applications, including wood measurement. Regarding the determination of the significant differences in terms of forest operator exposure to noise and hand-arm vibrations due to the use of chainsaws, the results obtained, demonstrate the correct maintenance of chainsaws over time has an important role in exposure to noise and vibrations by the forestry operator, especially for small agroforestry companies that occasionally use these dated tools. About the third activity, the results of the studies carried out, showed that the non- destructive methods (NDT) applied are valid both for identifying different defects in a tree trunk, including ring shake, without affecting its biological activity, overcoming the difficulties of prediction using only the visual inspection, which to estimate some mechanical characteristics of the wood tissue such as the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) and therefore, the prediction for the static MOE in poplar wood
6-ott-2023
Settore AGR/09 - MECCANICA AGRARIA
ZIMBALATTI, Giuseppe
PROTO, Andrea Rosario
SCHENA, Leonardo
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/141347
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