The political-military conflicts currently underway, the uncertainties related to the cost and supply of energy from 'traditional' sources, and the problems related to climate change, impose the pursuit of a common strategy, now no longer procrastinable, aimed at achieving a clean, safe, economically competitive and widely usable energy on a global scale. In facing the constraints of energy dependence, the renewed interest in the use of alternative energy sources is thus expressed. Defining a long-term development strategy, based on the implementation of the incentive mechanisms adopted and the development of an integrated research-industry system, capable of accelerating the introduction and diffusion on the market of a portfolio of increasingly efficient low-carbon energy technologies, is what international policy should therefore strive for. This is in order to curb the unbridled consumption of natural resources, while guaranteeing the growth of national economic systems and lasting sustainable development, also aimed at coping with the risk of climate change, without imposing an inconsiderate burden on future generations. With this in mind, the European Commission has adopted a set of proposals to transform EU climate, energy, transport and taxation policies to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. In this new challenge that sees renewables as the protagonist, a decisive role will be played in Italy by the agri-forestry sector, where there is increasing attention for agri-energy chains, to which a new role is being attributed, to be placed alongside the traditional one such as, for example, the production of biogas through the anaerobic digestion of by-products of agri-food origin. Anaerobic digestion is a complex biological process by means of which microorganisms, operating in the absence of oxygen and within reactors at a constant temperature, transform organic matter, contained in both plants and animal by-products, into biogas. Biogas is a gaseous mixture of 50-80% methane and the rest carbon dioxide, water vapour, hydrogen and sulphur compounds. Normally, for reasons of economic convenience, biogas does not undergo a purification and methane recovery phase but is sent for combustion in cogenerators to obtain electricity and heat, generally after undergoing filtration, dehumidification and desulphurisation treatments. This thesis was created with the aim of experimenting with this process, using different types of products, and by-products, of agri-food origin as starting substrates for the production and improvement of biogas production yield. Specifically, for the determination of the methanogenic potential, a series of tests were carried out with both a static (or batch) and dynamic method using a continuous stirred tank reactor. The results obtained were very interesting from an experimental point of view, and showed how anaerobic digestion focused on agri-foodstuffs allows considerable energy recovery through methane production.

I conflitti politico-militare in atto, le incertezze legate ai costi ed all’approvvigionamento dell’energia da fonti “tradizionali”, le problematiche legate al cambiamento climatico impongono come obiettivo comune non più procrastinabile il perseguimento di una strategia comune, a livello mondiale, tesa al conseguimento di una energia pulita, sicura, economicamente competitiva e fruibile su vasta scala. Nel fronteggiare i vincoli della dipendenza energetica trova, pertanto, esplicazione il rinnovato interesse al ricorso alle fonti energetiche alternative. Definire una strategia di sviluppo nel lungo periodo, basata sull’implementazione dei meccanismi d’incentivazione adottati e lo sviluppo di un sistema integrato ricerca-industria, in grado di accelerare l’introduzione e diffusione sul mercato di un portfolio di tecnologie energetiche low-carbon sempre più efficienti, è ciò a cui la politica internazionale dovrebbe perciò tendere; questo al fine di arginare il consumo sfrenato delle risorse naturali, garantendo al contempo la crescita dei sistemi economici nazionali ed uno sviluppo sostenibile durevole e finalizzato a fronteggiare anche il rischio dei cambiamenti climatici, senza gravare in modo sconsiderato sulle generazioni future. In tale ottica, la Commissione europea ha adottato una serie di proposte per trasformare le politiche dell'UE in materia di clima, energia, trasporti e fiscalità in modo da ridurre le emissioni nette di gas a effetto serra di almeno il 55% entro il 2030 rispetto ai livelli del 1990. In questa nuova sfida che vede come protagonista le rinnovabili, un ruolo determinante giocherà in Italia il settore agro-forestale dove si registra una sempre maggiore attenzione per le filiere agro-energetiche, alle quali viene ad attribuirsi un ruolo nuovo, da affiancare a quello tradizionale quali, ad esempio, la produzione di biogas attraverso la digestione anaerobi di sottoprodotti di origine agro-alimentare. La digestione anaerobica è un processo biologico complesso per mezzo del quale dei microrganismi, operando in assenza di ossigeno e all’interno di reattori a temperatura costante, trasformano la sostanza organica, contenuta sia nei vegetali che nei sottoprodotti di origine animale, in biogas. Il biogas è una miscela gassosa, composta per il 50-80% da metano e per il resto da anidride carbonica, vapore acqueo, idrogeno e composti solforati. Normalmente, per questioni di convenienza economica, il biogas non viene sottoposto ad una fase di purificazione e di recupero del metano ma viene avviato alla combustione in cogeneratori, per l’ottenimento di energia elettrica e calore, generalmente dopo essere stato sottoposto a trattamenti di filtrazione, deumidificazione e desolforazione. La presente tesi nasce con la finalità di sperimentare tale processo, utilizzando diverse tipologie di prodotti e sottoprodotti di origine agro-alimentari come substrati di partenza per la produzione ed il miglioramento della resa di produzione di biogas. Nello specifico, per la determinazione del potenziale metanigeno si sono effettuati una serie di test sia con metodo statico (o in batch) che dinamico utilizzando un reattore continuo a serbatoio agitato. I risultati ottenuti sono stati molto interessanti dal punto di vista sperimentale ed hanno evidenziato come la digestione anaerobica incentrata sull’agro-alimentare consenta di conseguire un notevole recupero energetico attraverso la produzione di metano.

Enhancement of biogas production through anaerobic digestion of agrifood by-products and food waste / Neri, Alessandro. - (2024 Mar 20).

Enhancement of biogas production through anaerobic digestion of agrifood by-products and food waste

Neri, Alessandro
2024-03-20

Abstract

The political-military conflicts currently underway, the uncertainties related to the cost and supply of energy from 'traditional' sources, and the problems related to climate change, impose the pursuit of a common strategy, now no longer procrastinable, aimed at achieving a clean, safe, economically competitive and widely usable energy on a global scale. In facing the constraints of energy dependence, the renewed interest in the use of alternative energy sources is thus expressed. Defining a long-term development strategy, based on the implementation of the incentive mechanisms adopted and the development of an integrated research-industry system, capable of accelerating the introduction and diffusion on the market of a portfolio of increasingly efficient low-carbon energy technologies, is what international policy should therefore strive for. This is in order to curb the unbridled consumption of natural resources, while guaranteeing the growth of national economic systems and lasting sustainable development, also aimed at coping with the risk of climate change, without imposing an inconsiderate burden on future generations. With this in mind, the European Commission has adopted a set of proposals to transform EU climate, energy, transport and taxation policies to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. In this new challenge that sees renewables as the protagonist, a decisive role will be played in Italy by the agri-forestry sector, where there is increasing attention for agri-energy chains, to which a new role is being attributed, to be placed alongside the traditional one such as, for example, the production of biogas through the anaerobic digestion of by-products of agri-food origin. Anaerobic digestion is a complex biological process by means of which microorganisms, operating in the absence of oxygen and within reactors at a constant temperature, transform organic matter, contained in both plants and animal by-products, into biogas. Biogas is a gaseous mixture of 50-80% methane and the rest carbon dioxide, water vapour, hydrogen and sulphur compounds. Normally, for reasons of economic convenience, biogas does not undergo a purification and methane recovery phase but is sent for combustion in cogenerators to obtain electricity and heat, generally after undergoing filtration, dehumidification and desulphurisation treatments. This thesis was created with the aim of experimenting with this process, using different types of products, and by-products, of agri-food origin as starting substrates for the production and improvement of biogas production yield. Specifically, for the determination of the methanogenic potential, a series of tests were carried out with both a static (or batch) and dynamic method using a continuous stirred tank reactor. The results obtained were very interesting from an experimental point of view, and showed how anaerobic digestion focused on agri-foodstuffs allows considerable energy recovery through methane production.
20-mar-2024
Settore AGR/09 - MECCANICA AGRARIA
ZIMBALATTI, Giuseppe
BERNARDI, Bruno
SCHENA, Leonardo
Doctoral Thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12318/144586
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