Pressurized hot water extraction of bioactive compounds from artichoke by‐products.

Artichoke by-products are a suitable source of health-promoting ingredients for the pro-duction of dietary supplements and food additives. A pressurized hot water extraction(PHWE) was developed to recover caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) and flavone glycosides(FLs) from agro-industrial artichoke by-products. The main factors influencing PHWEefficiency and CQA isomerization (temperature, numbers of cycles, modifier, and extrac-tion time) were carefully studied and optimized by response surface design. The proposedPHWE procedure provides an exhaustive extraction of CQAs and FLs (recoveries: 93–105%and 90–105%) from artichoke external bracts and leaves of different cultivars (p0.05),without significant formation of artefacts generated by high temperatures. PHWE extractsshowed CQA and FL levels (14–37 mg/g and 3–19 mg/g, respectively) comparable tocommercial products and marked antioxidative effects (EC5011–83g/mL) by cellularantioxidant activity assay in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. These results provedthat PHWE is an excellent green technique to recover bioactive compounds from artichokeagro-industrial residues.